* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapt13 Lecture 13ed Pt 4
Survey
Document related concepts
Compounding wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacognosy wikipedia , lookup
Polysubstance dependence wikipedia , lookup
Psychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Pharmaceutical industry wikipedia , lookup
Drug design wikipedia , lookup
Prescription drug prices in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Prescription costs wikipedia , lookup
Drug interaction wikipedia , lookup
Drug discovery wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter 13 Nervous System Lecture Outline Part 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system (PNS) • It includes cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs), and ganglia outside the CNS. - Spinal nerves conduct impulses to and from the spinal cord. - Cranial nerves conduct impulses to and from the brain. • The PNS is divided into 2 systems. - Somatic division - Autonomic division 2 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. cranial nerves PNS Spinal or Cranial Nerve spinal nerves artery and vein single nerve fiber Figure 13.14 The structure of a nerve. blood vessels bundle of nerve fibers SEM 200× © Dr. Richard Kessel & Dr. Randy Kardon/Visuals Unlimited 3 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial Nerves I from olfactory receptors Olfactory II from retina of eyes Optic III to eye muscles IV to eye muscles Occulomotor Trochlear V from mouth and to jaw muscles Trigeminal VI to eye muscles Abducens VII from taste buds and to facial muscles and glands VIII from inner ear IX Facial Vestibulocochlear from pharynx Glossopharyngeal and to pharyngeal muscles XII to tongue muscles X from and to internal organs XI to neck and back muscles Hypoglossal Vagus Accessory Figure 13.15 The cranial nerves. 4 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS: Somatic division • The somatic system serves the skin, skeletal muscles and tendons. • Automatic responses are called ________. 5 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS: Somatic division Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. pin central canal dorsal root ganglion white matter sensory receptor (in skin) dendrites Dorsal gray matter dorsal horn cell body of sensory neuron dendrite of sensory neuron interneuron dendrites axon of motor neuron cell body of motor neuron effector (muscle) ventral root ventral horn Ventral Figure 13.16 The events in a spinal reflex. 6 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS: Autonomic division • The autonomic system regulates the activity of involuntary muscles (cardiac and smooth) and glands. 7 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS: Autonomic division • 2 divisions 1. _________ division: coordinates the body for the “fight or flight” response by speeding up metabolism, heart rate, and breathing while slowing down and regulating other functions. 2. _________________ division: counters the sympathetic system by bringing up a relaxed state by slowing down metabolism, heart rate, and breathing, and returning other functions to normal. 8 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System The PNS: Autonomic division Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. stimulates tears constricts pupils inhibits tears dilates pupils Sympathetic Division ganglion Parasympathetic Division inhibits salivation stimulates salivation cranial nerves slows heart speeds heart dilates air passages cervical nerves constricts bronchioles stimulates liver to release glucose stimulates gallbladder to release bile stimulates adrenal secretion thoracic nerves vagus nerve increases activity of stomach and pancreas inhibits activity of kidneys, stomach, and pancreas increases intestinal activity decreases intestinal activity lumbar nerves ganglion inhibits urination Figure 13.17 The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. causes orgasmic contractions sympathetic ganglia stimulates urination causes erection of genitals sacral nerves Acetylcholine is neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is neurotransmitter. 9 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drugs and drug abuse • Both legal pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs of abuse have certain basic modes of action. They: – _________ the action of a neurotransmitter. – _________ with or decrease the action of a neurotransmitter. – ________ or ________ a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. 10 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drugs and drug abuse • Most drug abusers take drugs that affect __________ and thus artificially affect this reward circuit to the point that they ignore basic physical needs in favor of the drug. • Drug abusers tend to show a physiological and psychological effect. • Once a person is physically dependent, they usually need more of the drug for the same effect because their body has become tolerant. 11 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: Alcohol • _________ – a depressant directly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine • Alcohol is the most _____________ form of drug use. • About 80% of college-aged people drink. • Alcohol denatures proteins and causes damage to tissues such as the brain and liver; chronic consumption can damage the ________ lobe. • High blood alcohol levels can lead to poor judgment, loss of coordination, or even coma and death. 12 Effects of BAC 13 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: Nicotine • Nicotine – _________ derived from tobacco plant • Nicotine stimulates neurons to release ________ that reinforces dependence on the drug. • It adversely affects a developing embryo or fetus. • Smoking increases heart rate and blood pressure. • Nicotine causes psychological and physiological dependency. 14 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: Cocaine • Cocaine – __________ derived from a shrub • Cocaine causes a rush sensation that lasts from 5-30 minutes. • A cocaine binge occurs when a user takes the drug at ever-higher doses, resulting in __________, little desire for ____and ____, and an increased _______. • There is extreme physical dependence with this drug. • “Crack” is the street name for cocaine that is processed to a free-base form for smoking. 15 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: Methamphetamine • Powder form is called speed and crystal form is called meth or ice. • It is a stimulant that reverses the effects of _______ and is a mood elevator. • High agitation is common after the rush and can lead to violent behavior. • Methamphetamine causes psychological dependency and _____________. • “Ecstasy” is the street name for a drug that has the same effects as meth without the hallucinations. 16 Faces of Meth Three years five months Three months Seventeen months Five years Source: The Oregonian 17 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: Heroin • Heroin – ______________ from the sap of the opium poppy plant • It leads to a feeling of __________ and no pain because it is delivered to the brain and converted into _________. • Side effects are nausea, vomiting, and depression of the respiratory and circulatory systems. • Heroin use can lead to HIV, hepatitis, and other infections due to shared needles. • Extreme dependency is common. 18 13.5 Drug Therapy and Drug Abuse Drug abuse: Marijuana • Marijuana – _______________ derived from a hemp plant called Cannabis • It is most often smoked as a “joint.” • Occasional users experience mild euphoria, alterations to vision and judgment, as well as _____________________ with slurred speech. • Heavy users may experience depression, __________, ___________,___________, and _______________. • Long term use may lead to _____________. • K2 (“Spice”) is a synthetic drug with higher potency than the active chemical in marijuana. 19