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Anti-Drug Campaign
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Ecstasy
Also known as...
• X
•
•
•
•
E
Lover’s Speed
XTC
MDMA
 3,4 – methylenedioxymethamphetamine
General Information
• MDMA has a chemical structure & effects
similar to an amphetamine (stimulant) and
mescaline (hallucinogen)
• Often branded with a logo (e.g. Butterfly) but
there are many copycats and logos should not
be associated with quality
What does ecstasy do?
In other words...
Affects chemistry of the
brain by releasing serotonin
which affects mood, energy
levels and appetite.
You don’t know what you’re getting
• Often not pure MDMA!
• Includes other drugs such as:
– Ephedrine (amphetamine)
– Caffeine (stimulant)
– Dextromethorphan (hallucinogen, pain relief)
– Ketamine (“Special K”; date rape drug, veterinary
anaesthetic)
– LSD (psychedelic drug)
PMA
• Paramethoxamphetamine (PMA) is often sold
as ecstasy, INSTEAD OF MDMA.
• PMA has similar effects in that it is
hallucinogenic and a psychostimulant, but the
dose-response curve is much higher than
MDMA
• LETHAL even at low doses
The Positive Effects of a
Low-Moderate Dose:
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Pleasure
Well-being
Increased sociability
Closeness with others
Energy confidence
Makes you feel invincible
The Negative Effects of a
Low-Moderate Dose:
• Grinding of teeth and jaw
pain
• Blurred vision
• Sweating
• Nausea, vomiting,
convulsions
• Anxiety and panic attack
• Dehydration
• Increase blood pressure
and heart rate
• Kidney failure
• Heart Failure
• Liver damage
• Stroke
• Seizure
• Makes you feel invincible
Short-term After-effects
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Confusion
Irritability
Anxiety
Paranoia
Depression
Memory Impairment
Sleep Problems
These can last from a few days to WEEKS
Long-term After-effects
• Damaged brain cells
• Affects learning and memory
• Perhaps more, as research is not complete
The REAL Danger
• Can never be sure of purity: YOU DON’T
KNOW WHAT YOU’RE TAKING (PMA?
Ephedrine? Dextromethorphan? Ketamine?
LSD?)
• People with high blood pressure, heart/liver
problems, diabetes, epilepsy/mental disorder
are most vulnerable, ESPECIALLY SINCE MOST
PEOPLE ARE UNAWARE OF THEIR CONDITION.
What about
just “trying it” once?
Marissa Ann Napier
1986 - 2001
Marissa Ann Napier
• Age 15, athletic, in excellent health, no abnormal allergies.
• Took ecstasy for the first time at a party in West Seattle on
August 12, 2001.
• A few hours after taking pill, went into convulsions,
seizures.
• Irregular breathing caused her oxygen-starved brain to shut
down.
• Unconscious, pupils fixed and dilated, pink frothy foam
coming out the side of her mouth.
• Pulmonary edema – lungs filled with water.
• Spent more than a day in a coma.
• Died.
Lorna Spinks
1982 - 2001
Lorna Spinks
• Age 19, first year sociology student at Cambridge
University.
• Taken to hospital with her mouth foaming, eyes
bulging.
• Blood overheated (109 F) and would not clot;
organs failed.
• Suffered from cerebral edema (swelling of the
brain).
• Died.
Lorna Spinks
• Endo-tracheal tube inserted into
mouth to help with breathing.
• Naso-gastric tube inserted into
mouth to counter stomach
inflation and swelling.
• Other tubes for intravenous
infusions, placed in neck or ear.
Weight-Control Drugs
Are you overweight?
• The best measure is the BMI (Body Mass
Index) = weight in kg/height in m2
The Calorie
• A calorie is a unit of measure, like the meter, gram, or
litre; it is the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1g of water by one degree Celsius.
• Chemical reactions that go on in the body will require
or release heat, and that amount of heat is measured
in calories.
• The calories that you see in your food is the amount of
energy that that food will give you; when we talk about
“burning” calories, it means we are making our bodies
use up the food to give us energy.
The BMR
• Your metabolism is the energy consumption
by all the processes in your body; making your
heart beat, lung functions, etc.
• The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy
expenditure if you did nothing but sleep for 24
hours; basically, it is the energy it takes to
keep you alive.
• BMR = 1400-1700 calories per day.
Weight
• Any movement or energy expenditure over and above
sleeping in a 24 hour period requires additional energy
(more than the BMR).
• Therefore, depending on your every day activity level, you
would probably require about 2000 calories a day.
• The only way to lose weight is to spend more calories than
your BMR, because then your body will start feeding off the
fat that is stored. BUT eating less becomes ineffective
because the BMR can readjust itself!
• Exercising will counteract this to increase your BMR so that
your body needs more energy just for it to function
normally.
3 Classes of Weight-Control Drugs
• Affecting Metabolic Activity
• Affecting Nutrient Absorption
• Controlling Appetite
Drugs Affecting Metabolic Activity
• Speeds up metabolism (energy consumption) so
that calories cannot be stored (as fat) and are
converted to heat (thermogenic drugs).
• Example: Metabolife’s Xenadrine
– Ephedrine is the active compound
– 155 deaths from this drug
– Banned in January 2004
• Example: Insulin
– “Von Bulow” case; Sunny von Bulow was found in a
coma, with an insulin syringe next to her bed.
Drugs Affecting Nutrient Absorption
• Xenical (Orlistat) affects the absorption of fat.
• Fats are metabolized by first being cut up by
an enzyme known as lipase; Orlistat
inactivates lipase and has some effect of
reducing the absorption of fat by 20%.
• Side-effects
include
gastrointestinal
discomfort, loose stools, lowered vitamin
intake.
Drugs Controlling Appetite
• Noradrenaline
(norepinephrine) and
serotonin are two
neurotransmitters that play a
role in controlling appetite.
• A neurotransmitter is a
chemical substance that is
produced and secreted by a
neuron (brain cell).
Drugs Controlling Appetite through
their effect on noradrenaline
• Example: Benzedrine
– Side-effects: cardiovascular problems, anxiety,
dependence, and eventually tolerance.
– Elvis Presley was affected by this drug.
• Example: Dietac (diet aid capsule) and ContacC (cough medicine)
– PPA is the active ingredient and is an appetite
suppressant and a decongestant.
– Side-effects: hallucinations, strokes.
Drugs Controlling Appetite through
their effect on serotonin
• Example: FEN/PHEN
– Side-effects: Drowsiness, depression, pulmonary problems
• Example: REDUX
– Invented to try an solve the problems of FEN/PHEN
– Side-effects: dry-mouth, diarrhea, fatigue, and primary
pulmonary hypertension (life-threatening)
• Serotonin Syndrome
– Dangerously high levels of serotonin can cause extreme
agitation or restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, loss of
coordination, fast heartbeat, rapid changes in blood
pressure, fever, heavy sweating, overactive reflexes,
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, seizures, coma .
Cannabis
Marijuana and Hash
General Information
• Derived from the Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plants
• Active psychoactive chemical compound in cannabis is delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC.
– Drug screens can detect traces of cannabis ingredients up
to a month after use, because of the chemical properties
of the drug.
• Hashish (hash) is the resinous form of cannabis and is derived
from the trichomes of the cannabis plant.
• Many different strains of the cannabis plant exist, such as
Purple Haze, Northern Lights, Super Skunk Weed, White
Widow, Big Bud, Orange Crush, etc.
Medicinal Marijuana
• Though
commonly
used as a recreational
drug, marijuana has
some medicinal uses
– Therapeutic use of
marijuana does not
depend on the patient
getting high.
– Smoking marijuana as
a therapeutic drug has
not been approved
anywhere.
Marijuana Action
• THC acts as a neurotransmitter, activating
cannabinoid receptors in the body.
– These receptors are found all over the body in two
different forms: CB1 and CB2.
– CB1 receptors are primarily found in the brain and
when activated convey the “high” sensation
associated with smoking marijuana.
– CB2 receptors are found mostly in the immune
system. When activated they modulate immune
responses, increasing some and repressing others.
Dangers of Marijuana
• Risk of addiction because THC activates the reward
pathways in the brain.
• For males, high doses of THC lowers blood
concentration of testosterone and impairs sperm.
• For females, THC will disrupt the ovulation cycle.
• Cannabis has been associated with the development of
anxiety, psychosis, and depression.
• Cannabis smoke contains known carcinogens and
causes many of the same pathologies as tobacco
smoke.
Cigarettes
Cigars and Cigarillos
General Information
• Made of cured and finely cut
tobacco leaves and additives (over
500!) wrapped in paper.
• As a cigarette burns, over 4000
chemical compounds are created –
some are even radioactive and
carcinogenic.
• Cigarette addiction is caused by
exposure to nicotine. Upon smoking,
it takes only 10 seconds for the
nicotine to reach the brain.
• Cigarettes are heavily taxed; the
more you smoke, the more money
the government gets.
Nicotine Addiction
• Addiction to cigarettes is caused
by exposure to nicotine.
– The body has “nicotinic
receptors” everywhere. Many
of these receptors are found in
the reward pathway of the
brain, so the more nicotine
you take, the better you feel;
this is why you always need
more (like marijuana).
Dangers of Smoking
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Cancer is caused by exposure to
carcinogens in cigarette smoke which
mutate healthy cells.
Cilia are smaller hair-like extensions on
cells in your trachea. Nicotine paralyzes
the cilia and this causes irritation
because you can’t remove dust and
other foreign particles.
Many ingredients in cigarettes will
cause narrowing of blood vessels, which
increases the risk of a blockage.
As with marijuana, sperm cells can be
killed.
Smoking during pregnancy can cause
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), in
which a seemingly healthy baby just
dies.
Coronary artery partially obstructed by plaque buildup.
STOP SMOKING!
• Person's increased risk of
contracting disease is directly
proportional to the length of time
that a person continues to smoke
as well as the amount smoked.
• In 2002, the UN’s World Health
Organization estimates that 26%
of male deaths in the world and
9% of female deaths in the world
are attributable to some form of
tobacco smoking.
• Smokers will live 2.5 to 10 years
more if they didn’t smoke.
• The benefits of smoking cessation
are instantaneous.
Some not so cool videos...
• Gruen, after three and a
half years of chewing
tobacco,
developed
cancer of the mouth.
• Terrie was an occasional
smoker and has had
seven different forms of
cancer. A tumour in her
larynx resulted in the
removal of her voice box.
Anti-Drug Campaign