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Chapter Sixteen: HIV and
AIDS
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
1
What Is AIDS?
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AIDS is an acronym for acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
– A - acquired, because it is not inherited
– I - immuno, because it affects the immune
system
– D - deficiency, because the body lacks
immunity
– S - syndrome, because the symptoms occur
as a group
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Conditions Associated with
AIDS
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Opportunistic infections:
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Bacterial pneumonia
Toxoplasmosis
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Cancers Associated with AIDS
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Kaposi’s sarcoma
Lymphomas
Invasive cervical cancer
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Clinical Conditions Associated
with AIDS
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Wasting syndrome
– severe weight loss, with weakness and
diarrhea
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HIV encephalopathy
– AIDS dementia
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Other infections
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candidiasis
herpes simplex
Cytomegalovirus – infect brain, retina, lungs
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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The Immune System and HIV
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Antigens – markers on invader cells
Types of White Blood Cells
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Leukocytes
Macrophages
Antibodies
B cells and T cells – specifically programmed
to certain antigens
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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AIDS Vaccine
• Developed by Vax-Gen of CA
• Clinical trial for FDA approval
• 5,400 subjects
– (95% Men Who Have Sex W/ Men)
• Overall only reduced rate of infection by
3.8%
• For African-Americans reduced rate
78.3%
• For Asian reduced 68%
– Only 314 and 77 in trial, respectively
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Measures
• Seroconversion – process by which
person develops antibodies
• HIV negative serostatus means no HIV
antibodies are detected
• T-cell count – number of CD4 cells
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Epidemiology of HIV
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Epidemic - rapid and wide spreading of a
contagious disease
Worldwide, over 36 million people have
been infected with HIV
In the U.S., about 40,000 new people a
year are infected with HIV
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Total of 700,000 + AIDS
+ 120,000 tested for HIV
Estimated HIV infection 650,000 – 900,000
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Modes of Transmission
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Intercourse
Sharing needles
Passing virus from mother to fetus
Breast-feeding from HIV-positive mother
Sharing sex toys
Accidental contamination with infected
blood
Before April 1, 1985, from contaminated
blood or organs
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
12
Percentage of U. S. AIDS Cases
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Men who have sex with men
Injection drug users
Heterosexually
Blood transfusions
Other
• Women
47%
25%
10%
2%
16%
23%
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2003
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Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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2003
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2003
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2003
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Sexual Transmission
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Anal intercourse
Oral sex
Vaginal intercourse
Sex toys
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Uncommon Modes of
Transmission
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Nonsexual contact
Accidents
Blood transfusions and organ donations
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Prevention
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Be aware that alcohol and drug use
increases risky behaviors
Develop communication skills to be able
to discuss risks and prevention
Be aware of information on HIV testing
Become familiar with condoms
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Education about HIV/AIDS
• Obstacles to education: blame and denial
• HIV/AIDS education in schools
• Outreach programs
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Heterosexual adults
Men who have sex with men
Youths
Drug users
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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Treatments
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Therapies to treat symptoms and infections
Drugs that affect virus in some way
Treatments designed to bolster immune
system’s natural responses
Copyright, Corey E. Miller, 2002,
2003
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