Download Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness

Chapter 5: Variations in
Consciousness
On the Nature of Consciousness
 Awareness of ________ and ________ Stimuli
 Variations on levels of _______
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James – __________________
Freud – ______________
Sleep/dreaming research
The Electroencephalograph:
A Physiological Index of Consciousness
 _______ – monitoring of brain electrical activity
 Brain-waves
 Amplitude (height)
 _________ (cycles per second)
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____ (13-24 cps)
Alpha (8-12 cps)
______ (4-7 cps)
Delta (<4 cps)
Table 5.1 EEG Patterns Associated with States of Consciousness
Biological Rhythms and Sleep
 ___________________ – 24 hr biological cycles
 Regulation of sleep/other body functions
 Physiological pathway of the _________ clock:
 Light levels  retina  suprachiasmatic nucleus of
hypothalamus  pineal gland  secretion of
melatonin
 __________ circadian rhythms
 ___________ circadian rhythms
Sleep/Waking Research
 Instruments:
 _____________________ – brain electrical activity
 Electromyograph – muscle activity
 _____________________ – eye movements
 Other bodily functions also observed
Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep
 Stage 1: brief, __________ (1-7 minutes)
 alpha  theta
 hypnic jerks
 Stage 2: _______________ (10-25 minutes)
 Stages 3 & 4: ________________ (30 minutes)
 Stage 5: ______ , EEG similar to awake, ______
dreaming (first a few minutes, then longer)
 Developmental differences in REM sleep
Figure 5.3 An overview of the cycle of sleep
Age, Culture, and Sleep
 Age trends
 ______ : lots of sleep, lots of REM
 ______ : less sleep, less slow-wave sleep
 ________ variations
 Co-sleeping
 ________
Figure 5.4 Changes in sleep patterns over the life span
Figure 5.5 Cultural variations in how long people tend to sleep
Why Do We Sleep?
 Hypothesis 1:
 Sleep _______ to conserve organisms’ energy
 Hypothesis 2:
 ________________ during sleep is adaptive because
it reduces danger
 Hypothesis 3:
 Sleep helps animals to restore _______ and other
bodily ____________
Sleep Deprivation
 ________ deprivation
 3 or 4 days max
 Partial deprivation or sleep restriction
 impaired _________ , reaction time, coordination,
and _____________
 accidents: Chernobyl, Exxon Valdez
 Selective deprivation
 REM and slow-wave sleep: rebound effect
Sleep Problems
 _________ – difficulty falling or staying asleep
 Narcolepsy – falling asleep uncontrollably
 Sleep _______ – reflexive gasping for air that
awakens person
 _______________ – sleepwalking
Figure 5.6 The vicious cycle of dependence on sleeping pills
The Nature and Contents of Dreams
 _______ – mental experiences during sleep
 _______ usually familiar
 Common __________
 Waking life ________ – day residue
 Western vs. Non-Western interpretations
Figure 5.8 Three theories of dreaming
Hypnosis: Altered State of Consciousness or Role
Playing?
 Hypnosis = a systematic procedure that increases
suggestibility
 _____________________ : individual differences
 _____________ produced through hypnosis:
 _______
 Sensory distortions and hallucinations
 ______________
 Posthypnotic suggestions and amnesia
Meditation: Pure Consciousness or Relaxation
 ___________ = practices that train attention to
heighten awareness and bring mental processes
under greater ________ control
 Yoga, _____, transcendental meditation (TM)
 Potential __________ benefits
 Similar to effective ________ procedures
Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects
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___________ (opiates) – pain relieving
Sedatives – sleep inducing
____________ – increase CNS activity
Hallucinogens – distort sensory and perceptual
experience
 _________ – produce mild, relaxed euphoria
 Alcohol – produces relaxed euphoria, decreases in
inhibitions
 __________ – produces a warm, friendly euphoria
Table 5.2 Psychoactive Drugs: Methods of Ingestion, Medical Uses, and Effects
Mechanisms and Dependence
 Mechanisms of drug action
 Effects on ______________
 Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
 Drug dependence
 _______ dependence
 ___________ dependence
 Drugs and ________
Figure 5.11 The “reward pathway” in the brain
Table 5.3 Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance, Dependence, Potential for Fatal Overdose, and Health Risks