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PSYC 2314 Lifespan Development Chapter 14 Adolescence: Biosocial Development Puberty Begins • Ages 11 to 20 • Begins when adrenal glands and gonads (sex glands) release hormone production, GH (growth hormone) and GnRH (gonad releasing hormone), respectively. • Testosterone and estrogen Puberty Begins • Physical growth during puberty usu. begins sometime between 8 and 14. • The “normal” age of menarche varies widely, from 9-18 years. Impact of Puberty • Emotional – Hormonal levels make a relatively small direct contribution to the daily emotional changes of puberty. • Psychological – Indirect impact of visible changes, which is powerfully influenced by the values and expectations of the developing person’s family, peer group, and culture. Stress and Hormones • The interaction of biogenetic and psychosocial factors affects hormone production. The Growth Spurt • Between 10 and 14, a typical girl gains about 38 lbs. and 9 5/8 inches; a typical boy, 42 lbs. and 10 inches, between 12 and 16. • Internal organs—lung and heart—also grow, which give the adolescent increased physical endurance. The Growth Spurt • During puberty, oil, sweat, and odor glands become more active, producing acne in approximately 90 percent of all boys and 80 percent of all girls and a need for deodorants in most. • Nutritional requirements include a need for additional calories and about 50% more calcium, iron, and zinc. Sexual Characteristics • Primary Sex Characteristics – Menarche – Spermarche • Attitudes toward menarche and spermarche have changed over the past two decades. Sexual Characteristics • Secondary Sex Characteristics – Breasts and pubic hair in girls – Pubic and facial hair and lowering of the voice in boys Body Image • • • • Self Appraisal Impact on Self Esteem Gender Differences Social Environment Influences Sexual Abuse • Childhood sexual abuse: any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a young person—whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved. • Onset of sexualized adult-child interaction is typically between 8 and 12. Factors Determining Damage • Repeated Incidence • Distorted adult-child relationships • Impairment of the child’s ability to develop normally Drugs • Drug abuse: the ingestion of a drug to the extent that impairs the user’s well-being, either biologically or psychosocially, significantly more than it helps the person. • Drug addiction: a person’s dependence on a drug or a behavior in order to feel physically or psychologically at ease. • Drug use: the ingestion of a drug, regardless of the amount or effect of ingestion. Drugs • Drug use is increasing among younger adolescents. – Gateway drugs: tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana act as the door opening to regular use of multiple drugs. Influences of Drugs • Tobacco: limit growth spurt • Alcohol: loosens inhibitions and impairs reasoning • Marijuana: seriously slows down thinking processes and may produce a lack of motivation and indifference toward the future. Measurements • • • • Education Strict drunk-driving laws Higher prices of alcohol and cigarettes Harsher punishments for those who sell tobacco and alcohol to minors