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Hospice & Palliative Care Fellowship Lecture Series Pain Management Basics Methadone Methadone: Goals of this lecture Improve understanding of methadone use and pharmacokinetics Be able to use methadone safely in hospice patients Methadone: Introduction Methadone is a Synthetic opioid developed in 1937 in Germany Manufactured in USA since 1947 Mechanism of Action 1. Mu receptor agonist Major effects here 2. Delta receptor agonist 3. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist (same as NAMENDA) 4. Norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor (like antidepressants) Methadone Pharmacokinetics are not simple Overdose/drug interaction can be fatal Danger caused by lack of knowledge and training in its use Safe and effective >40 yrs with adequate training and follow-up C-II Legal for substance abuse programs and for pain management Morphine and Methadone What is different about Methadone? Side effects – Same as MS: respiratory depression, potential bronchospasm, hypotension, – Sedation: Perhaps less sedating at effective dose – Hallucinations, twitching at high doses – Possibly different: Less constipating, extra effect on neuropathic pain – Different: Prolongs QT increasing chance of arrhythmias, less tolerance over time – More drug interactions NMDA? N-methyl D aspartate Synthetic compound that marks a subset of glutamate receptors in the CNS and Spinal pain pathways that act as potentiators Blockage of NMDA prevents escalation of pain stimulus (damps it down) Blockage of NMDA helps prevent tolerance from developing Methadone Initiation: adequate dose, right dose proper follow up Change in dose: again follow up is key Change in other coadministered medications or foods Change in metabolic ability Acid base status Pharmacokinetics First dose similar to MS dose effect Effect within about 30 min after oral administration Metabolism slow AND variable from patient to patient (No active Metabs) Lipid soluble, and protein binding: enters tissues and builds up over time Half life 10-75 hrs Methadone Half life longer in older patients May be used despite renal or liver disease Methadone Pharmacokinetics Serum methadone level is the main indicator of pain control, and driver of metabolism/removal Most of active drug in the body during steady state is not in blood but in body tissues (1%) Methadone Oral bioavailablity 60-80% of drug Easily absorbed orally, SL, rectally (liquids, tablets, suppositories) Also used IM, IV all routes IV is 2x as strong (rarely used) Cost comparison of 20mg/d methadone Cost of 20mg Methadone/d ($8/month) Cost is of 120mg/day of MS is 25x higher ($200/mo) (generic MSC or Ka) Cost of generic fentanyl patch 50mcg is 33x higher ($260/month) Cost of oxycontin 100mg is 43x higher ($339/month) Methadone P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which is a protein pump functioning at the intestinal cell and cells of the blood brain barrier controlling access to cell interiors. It removes methadone from the cell. Variability in expression of this enzyme is another source of variability of SML and effect on brain CYP450 Enzymes CYP3A4 Important methadone metabolizer. Most abundant enzyme of class. Found in liver and intestine in variable amounts. Varies person to person 30- fold. CYP2B6 Less effect but drug interactions may happen here also. CYP2D6 Lesser role but absent completely in 1 out of 15 persons, also extra high activity in some (activates codeine to MS) CYP1A2 Lesser role Methadone pharma Inducers are drugs that induce the enzymes that remove methadone, these effects often happen over one week or so of coadministration Example: steady methadone dosing but addition of decadron Methadone pharma Inhibitors of methadone metabolism (CYP3A4) Addition may cause rapid rise in methadone levels Or cause unexpected sensitivity to methadone Example: 47 yo man with lung ca who hallucinated on just 5mg bid – drank grapefruit juice daily. Other inhibitors of CYP3A4 Methadone pharma Substrates for CYP enzymes Many drugs are substrates for same enzymes (50% of drugs for CYP3A4) May competitively inhibit metabolism When starting or stopping a medication be alert for changes in SML Cardiovascular Methadone increases QT interval Adverse effects occur in very low number of pts Adverse effects occur at high doses >100mg/day Adverse effects occur in pts with risk factors for arrythmia: CHF or other medications that predispose to arrythmia Generally the risk is small and balanced by need for steady pain control Drugs that prolong QT Antiarrhythmics: all* Antihistamines Serotonin agonists and antagonists: ondansetron Antimicrobials: all classes Antipsychotics Anticonvulsants Stimulants Too many to remember! Additive sedation and respiratory depression Like many of the medications we use, the sedative effects may be additive Example: Pt on Ativan, morphine, neurontin and remeron, could they have methadone too? No absolute ceiling/based on pt response: drowsiness, resp rate Give driving and alcohol warnings Methadone drug interactions: general principles Chose the safer drug: Erythromycin inhibits CYP3A4, but azithromycin(z-pack) does not. If drug interaction is expected, adjust the methadone based on pt response rather than in advance Remember to ask the pharmacist to check for interactions when adding a med. In addition… Pt may not adhere to complex regimen (pt example) May add illicit substances, food, other meds from other sources. Educate pt and caregivers about signs of rising SML or falling SML Methadone dosing effects TOO MUCH METHADONE: rising SML Pt is sleeping too much but arousable as in normal sleep PT has lower respiratory rate Pt has little or no pain complaints Progression to Myoclonic jerks and hallucinations followed by deep coma OPIOID OVERDOSE SYNDROME Methadone dosing effects TOO LITTLE METHADONE: drop in usual SML Shaky, tremors, flushed, nauseated Vomitng, diarrhea, sweaty Painful and restless OPIOID WITHDRAWL SYNDROME Initiation of Methadone Choice of patient Conversion or upwards titration Follow up schedule Ideal patients for Methadone Pain more chronic than acute Patient stable enough to live >one week No major arrhythmia history esp. for higher doses No Antiviral HIV drugs Some Liver or renal disease OK Opioid Rotation Improves efficacy of narcotic Avoids toxicity (sedation, hallucinations, twitching, itching, urinary retention) Estimating the new dose is not an exact science! Factors complicating opioid conversions Absorption/routes Individual Metabolic differences Pain receptor heterogeneity Patient compliance factors Drug interactions Methadone dosing Start with daily oral morphine dose Methadone conversion For patients on <100 of oral MS divide by 4 For patients on 100-300 of MS divide by 8 For patients on >300mg of MS divide by 10 Super high doses >600mg MS divide by 20 Simplest: less than 100 4:1 up to about 500 10:1 up to about 1000 20:1 Calculating Doses For patients taking oral narcotics in short-acting form, ready to add longacting medication: You can give a small dose of Methadone Q 8 or 12 hours and allow them to continue to use their short acting med for breakthrough, (make sure they have good BT med) Example Case 1 60 year old male with lung Ca Current regimen: MScontin 300mg Q 12 hours, MS 40-60 q3-4 hours prn Last few days using 60mg MS 5 times a day Complains of sedation and twitching Total daily opioid=900mg Example Case 1 So 900mg divided by 20=45mg. Divide it into three equal doses Methadone 15mg q 8 hrs Provide teaching to pt and family Reassess at 3 and at 5 days if possible Example Case 2 66year old man with prostate Ca Pain in R hip/pelvis worsening over 2 weeks Taking 240mg Oxycontin q8 hr Breakthrough has increased to 40mg OxyIR q 2 hrs while awake In last 24 hours used 360mg OxyIR Total Oxycodone=1080mg/day Example Case 2 Is the pt taking adjuvants? Is his anxiety and spiritual pain addressed? Is he really taking all that? Should we try opiate rotation? Oxycodone over 1000/day Convert to MS 1000/daily dose Divide by 20 gives you 50/day of Methadone. Maybe try 20mg q 8 or 25 q12 Example Case 3 46 yo man with Esophageal Ca on Duragesic 200mcg patch, complains of pain with swallowing and new burning pain and numbness around ribs left side of chest Pain control inadequate using 20mg Roxanol q2 hour (8 doses in last 24 hrs) and rating pain at 8. Example Case 3 Check on patch adherence, and think about adipose tissue reservoir. New pain has neuropathic quality so may want to add adjuvant therapy. Methadone may do better than patch for neuropathic component of pain. Example Case 3 Convert patch to oral MS equivalents Using rough estimate of 2 to 1 to convert Duragesic to MS 200mcg=400mg MS Plus BT use of MS 160mg=560 total daily oral MS equivalents Convert 10:1 to Methadone=56mg Example Case 3 So round up to 60mg of Methadone can be split into 20mg po q8 hours and use same doses of breakthrough roxanol as before. Reassess 3 and 5 days Example case 4 88yo man with deep metastatic melanoma in groin and hip socket. Severe pain treated incompletely with vicodin. Referred to hospice as his pain clinic doctor was planning an implanted epidural pump. Had epidural catheter placed on day 2 of hospice care. In pain clinic he was comfortable with bolus of bupivicaine and fentanyl via epidural catheter. Example case 4 Family was planning a transfer to AL facility. Facility did not take patients with pumps. On first night of pump he wandered upstairs and pulled catheter apart. Call from pain clinic… Replace the catheter or different plan? Example case 4 Discussion of methadone initiation: Does not want pump/has poor short acting coverage/needs rapid titration. Started 5mg q 8 hr and 5mg q 4 hr prn. Pt transferred to AL and remained comfortable on 5mg q 8 hr x 2 more months. Methadone Summary Concerns include: complex pharmokinetics, stigma of addiction therapy, potential arrhythmias Benefits: many routes, NMDA antagonist, higher potency, lower cost, longer intervals of administration, no active metabolites, rapid onset, long half life, more favorable side effect profile, low rate of induction of tolerance, more effective for severe pain Happier patients