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Chapter 15 Lecture
Sexually
Transmitted
Infections
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Discuss the progressive stages of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and explain why
preventing AIDS is essential
• Describe how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
is transmitted from individual to individual
• Outline how the following STIs are transmitted from
individual to individual: trichomoniasis, chlamydia,
hepatitis B, gonorrhea, venereal warts, genital herpes,
and syphilis
• List and outline the symptoms and treatments of the
most common sexually transmitted infections in the
United States
• Identify the guidelines to reduce your risk of acquiring
sexually transmitted infections
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections?
• Infections passed to others through vaginal, oral, or anal sex
• Caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites
• STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated; those
caused by viruses remain for life
• STIs can cause infertility, pregnancy complications, cancer,
and/or death
• STIs can be passed on even when no outward symptoms are
present
• Described as "silent" diseases because early symptoms are
often ignored and untreated
• One in four Americans will contract at least one STI in their
lifetime
• Younger people are at highest risk for contracting STIs
Complete Lab 15.1: Attitudes & Behaviors toward STIs
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Common STIs in the United States
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HIV/AIDS
• Caused by a virus that damages the immune system: no cure
• Acquiring the HIV virus leads to developing AIDS
• 1.2 million people in the United States and over 33 million people
worldwide are currently infected with HIV
• Anyone can get HIV/AIDS; it is not limited to any group
Stages of HIV Infection
• First ("silent") stage
– no physical symptoms
• Second stage: symptomatic infection
– symptoms emerge including fatigue, fever, weight loss, swollen
lymph nodes, and sore throat
• Third (final) stage: AIDS
– includes symptoms from second phase plus pneumonia or certain
types of cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma)
– can include brain damage and tumors
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Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS
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AIDS Developmental Stages
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HIV Transmission
Must Enter Bloodstream
• Most common modes
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–
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Vaginal/anal intercourse with no condom
Sharing needles: drug use, tattoos, piercing
Mother to fetus
Blood passage through membranes and/or cuts, punctures,
open wounds, or blood transfusions
• HIV Cannot Be Transmitted Via
– Casual contact with HIV-infected individuals
– Contact with inanimate objects
– Sports participation
– Saliva
– Swimming pools, hot tubs, or whirlpools
– Contact with animals
– Insect bites
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Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS
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Hepatitis B (HBV)
• A virus that causes liver disease
• Transmitted via contact with infected blood, blood
products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva
• People at risk include those who share an infected
person's items (razors, toothbrushes), are intravenous
drug users, handle human fluids
• Symptoms include jaundice, reduced appetite, nausea,
vomiting, stomach and/or joint pain, chronic fatigue
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed by a blood test
– No cure for HBV
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Human Papillomaviris (Genital Warts)
• Most common cause of STIs in the United States, and
world
• Extremely high rates of infection in college students
• HPV increases the risk of uterine and cervical cancer
• Symptoms
– None or genital warts
• Treatment
– Cryosurgery, laser surgery, or excision of warts
– Most infections disappear without medical treatment
– HPV vaccine
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Will Human Papillomavirus
Vaccine Become Mandatory?
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
1. Do you agree with this proposed law?
2. How would you explain this vaccine to your
11- or 12-year-old daughter?
3. What are opponents of making this vaccine
mandatory concerned about? Do you agree
or disagree?
4. Do you think vaccination should be
mandatory or left as a choice by parents?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genital Herpes
• Caused by herpes simplex virus
• Type I (HSV-1)
– infections above the waist (lips or mouth)
• Type II (HSV-2)
– infections below the waist (genital lesions)
– Symptoms
• Sores, fever, swollen glands
• Disappear and reappear without warning
– Treatment
• No cure for herpes virus
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Chlamydia
• Most common bacterial STI among heterosexual people
worldwide
• Twenty percent of all college students are infected
• Symptoms
– 7–21 days after infection
• unusual vaginal/penile discharge, burning while urinating,
vaginal bleeding between periods
– Later symptoms
• lower back and abdominal pain, pain during intercourse, lowgrade fever, pain and swelling of the testicles
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed by blood test or pap smear
– Cured by antibiotics
– Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
if untreated
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Chlamydia Rates in Women
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Gonorrhea
• Second most common bacterial STI
• Also commonly known as "the clap"
• Symptoms
– Milky discharge from penis and painful
urination
– Only 20% of women develop symptoms
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed by tissue culture of vaginal/penile
discharge
– Cured with appropriate medication
• If untreated, may result in sterility
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Gonorrhea Rates in the United States
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Syphilis
• Caused by bacterial infection
• Symptoms
– Four stages
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primary syphilis—chancre
secondary syphilis—skin rash, white patches
latent syphilis—few symptoms
tertiary syphilis—results in heart damage,
blindness, deafness, paralysis, and mental
disorders
• Diagnosis and treatment
– Diagnosed with a blood test
– Cured by antibiotics
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Other STIs
Trichomoniasis
• Symptoms
– yellow-green discharge with strong odor, irritation,
and/or burning sensation
• Diagnosis
– simple medical test
• Treatment
– metronidazole
Pubic Lice ("crabs")
• Seen as brown spots on pubic hairs and surrounding
skin
• Eliminated by over-the-counter and prescription skin
medications
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Other STIs (cont.)
Scabies
• Tiny mite that infects the skin between the fingers, on
the wrist, under the breast, and the pubic area
• Diagnosed by scraping the infected area and
performed a microscopic test
• Treated with topical medications
Candidiasis
• Fungal infection
• Can infect the vagina, mouth, and throat
• Treated with anti-fungal medications
See Steps for Behavior Change Are You at Increased Risk
for STI?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reducing STI Risk
Protective Measures
• Abstinence
• Limiting your number of sexual partners
• Using male latex condoms
• Using female condoms
• Discussing STIs with sexual partners
• Avoiding drugs and alcohol
• If you suspect exposure to STIs, contact your physician
immediately for screening
Other Protective Measures
• Inspect yourself and your partner for signs of STIs
• Do not share needles, scissors, or razors
• Do not handle towels, wet bedding, or underclothing that has
been in contact with a person with an STI
• Avoid using spermicides with nonoxynal-9
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
STI Worldwide Problem
Adults around the world living with HIV in 2009
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Summary
• Millions of people in the United States are infected by one or more
STIs every year
• The most common STIs include HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, human
papillomavirus, genital herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis,
trichomoniasis, pubic lice, and scabies
• AIDS is a fatal disease that develops from infection caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• STIs caused by viruses, such as hepatitis B, genital wars/human
papillomaviruses, and herpes, are not curable and will reside in the
body of the host for life
• Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are STIs caused by bacterial
infections and can be treated successfully with antibiotics
• Avoid STIs by abstaining from sex and/or following "safe sex"
guidelines including limiting your number of sexual partners, using
condoms, and avoiding high-risk behaviors, including drug and
alcohol abuse
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 16 Lecture
Addiction and
Substance
Abuse
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Define substance abuse and addiction
• Outline the acute effects of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine on the
body
• List several guidelines that can be used to maintain control over
alcohol use
• Outline the behavioral and physiological effects of alcohol as a
function of the level of alcohol in the blood
• Discuss the long-term health consequences of alcohol, marijuana,
and cocaine use
• Describe the addictive properties of tobacco and the impact of
prolonged tobacco use on health
• Describe the acute effects of caffeine on the body
• Outline products that contain caffeine and list the pros and cons of
caffeine use
• Identify ways to reduce your risk of drug use
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Addiction?
• Habitual psychological/physical dependence on
substance/practice beyond voluntary control
• Associated with the traits of
– Reinforcement leading to craving
– Loss of control
– Escalation
– Negative outcomes
– Denial
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What Is Addiction? (cont.)
• Addiction can involve a substance and/or
behavior
– Substances: drugs, alcohol, tobacco
– Behaviors: gambling, Internet usage,
pornography, sex, gaming, eating, shoplifting,
or exercising
• Addiction can be physical and/or psychological
– Chemical dependence
– Withdrawal symptoms
– Tolerance
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Treating Addictions with Virtual
Reality
Play
Video
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ABC News: Hidden Addictions
Play
Video
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Causes of Addiction
Numerous Potential Causes
• Types of drug used
• Genetics
• Brain chemistry
• Psychological makeup
• Social factors
• Personality characteristics
• Heredity
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse
• Use of illegal or inappropriate use of legal drugs to
produce pleasure, to alleviate stress, or to alter/avoid
reality
• Drug use interferes with other areas of one's life, such
as grades, work, relationships, or legal issues
Commonly Abused Substances
• Alcohol
• Illicit drugs, including
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–
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–
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marijuana, cocaine, heroin
hallucinogens
inhalants
tranquilizers
stimulants
sedatives
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Psychoactive Drugs
• User experiences altered state of consciousness
• Examples
– Marijuana (stimulant)
– Cocaine (powerful stimulant)
– "Club drugs" – Ecstasy, LSD, GHB,
methamphetamine (addictive stimulant)
– Prescription drugs – OxyContin
– Over-the-counter drugs—cough suppressants
and expectorants
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Health Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
• Long-term marijuana use
– Psychological dependence/lung damage
• Long-term cocaine use
– Cardiovascular effects, respiratory effects,
neurological effects, GI problems
• Long-term methamphetamine use
– Paranoia, aggressiveness, extreme anorexia,
memory loss, hallucinations, delusions, and
dental problems
• Drug use/abuse by pregnant women = serious
health effects on developing fetus
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Campus Drug Dealers
Play
Video
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Eliminating Meth
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
1. Do you think the young couple had a history
of meth abuse?
2. How did crystal meth abuse interfere with
the man getting the help he needed?
3. Do you find the anti-meth ads effective?
4. Are there better ideas to curb meth use than
with shock ads?
5. Could this type of ad be effective against
other drugs? What might be the drawbacks
to using the same format?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Heroin in Suburbia
Play
Video
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Alcohol
• Most widely used recreational drug in United
States and most popular on college campuses
• 63% of college students use alcohol and 31%
abuse it
• Central nervous system depressant
– Impaired vision, slowed reaction time,
impaired motor coordination
• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) determines
extent of central nervous system depression
• BAC determined by amount of alcohol
consumed, and rate alcohol metabolized by
body
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
BAC Chart
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Standard Alcoholic Drink Sizes
Ethyl alcohol is the psychoactive ingredient in all alcoholic beverages.
A standard drink is defined as a 12-ounce beer, a 1.5-ounce cocktail
drink, or a 5-ounce glass of wine. Each of these contains approximately
0.6 ounce of ethyl alcohol.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Alcohol Abuse/Addiction
Alcohol Abuse
• Four criteria of abuse
– Alcohol use in hazardous situations
– Alcohol-related school problems
– Recurrent interpersonal problems
– Recurrent legal problems
Alcohol Addiction (alcoholism)
• Alcohol dependence
• Involves craving alcohol/not being able to
control impulse to drink
• Binge drinking
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Effects of Alcohol Abuse
• Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) = liver failure/death
• Damage to central nervous system = brain
damage
• Increased risk for cancers of the esophagus,
pancreas, stomach, mouth, tongue, and liver
• During pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol
syndrome/other birth defects
• Physical, behavioral, and learning problems
See Lab 16.1: Alcohol Abuse Inventory
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Spring Break Nightmare
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
1. Why do you think female college students in
particular drink more during Spring Break
than at other times of the year?
2. What are some smart choices to make to
protect yourself during Spring Break?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tobacco
• Contains nicotine: most heavily used addictive drug in United
States
• Cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and pipe tobacco
• Nicotine addiction
– Provides immediate "psychological kick"
– Causes withdrawal symptoms
• Secondhand smoke contains toxic chemicals
Health Effects of Tobacco Use
• Tobacco smoking: leading cause of death in United States,
accounting for one in five deaths per year
• Increases cancer risk: lung, larynx, esophagus, pancreas,
bladder, and kidney
• Woman smokers: likely to lose baby during pregnancy and/or to
have low birth weight babies
See Lab 16.2: Tobacco Usage Inventory
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Smash the Ash
Play
Video
Discussion Questions
1. What are the biggest deterrents to smoking?
2. Do antismoking ads reinforce smoking
habits?
3. Is seeing the different lungs (a healthy lung,
a smoker's lung, a lung with cancer)
effective?
4. Why do people quit smoking? Is there any
way you can help a friend or family member
quit?
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Secondhand Smoke
Play
Video
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Caffeine
• Substance in coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate,
and certain medications
• Stimulates central nervous system (CNS) within
15 minutes
• Moderate doses (2–4 cups of coffee) increases
alertness/provide an energy boost
• Large doses = restlessness and irritability
– insomnia, headaches, and abnormal heart
rhythms
• Creates psychological dependence
• Withdrawal symptoms = headache, muscle pain,
and fatigue
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Anabolic Steroids
• Synthetic male sex hormones (e.g. testosterone)
• Available by prescription (tablet or ointment)
• Health Effects
– Psychological effects: aggressiveness, uncontrolled
bouts of anger ("roid rage"), depression
– Liver cysts and cancer
– Increased blood cholesterol, increased blood clotting
– Hypertension, reduced sperm count, testicular
shrinkage, impotence
– Irreversible breast enlargement in men, and
development of masculine characteristics in women
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drug Abuse Avoidance Strategies
•
•
•
•
Find productive ways to increase self-esteem
Learn and practice stress-coping techniques
Develop varied interests
Practice assertiveness
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary
• Alcohol, nicotine (tobacco products), marijuana,
and cocaine are the most widely used and
abused drugs in the United States
• Alcohol is the single most common recreational
drug used in the United States
• Use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine
increases your risk of accidents, and prolonged
use may result in psychological dependence,
physical addiction, and damaged health
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summary (cont.)
• Tobacco use can lead to an addiction to nicotine and
prolonged use leads to increased risk of heart attack,
stroke, and cancer
• Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant
found in common foods and beverages. It is currently
unclear whether chronic consumption is a significant
health risk
• Long-term use of anabolic steroids can cause
psychological and physiological side effects
• Decrease your risk of abusing drugs by increasing your
self-esteem, learning how to cope with stress,
developing numerous interests, and practicing
assertiveness
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.