Download Uppers, Downers and All Arounders

Uppers, Downers and All
Arounders
Chapter 6
All Arounders
General
• History
– Psychedelic Plants and fungi
– More than 4000 plants have psychedelic
properties
– Hundreds of primitive tribes have used
psychedelics fro thousands of years
– Other than marijuana, psychedelics continued
to be popular among youth
General
• All arounders usually act as stimulants and
occasionally depressants, but mostly
psychedelics
• Creates illusions, delusions and hallucinations
• Five main Classifications:
– Indole psychedelics
• LSD, psilocybin mushrooms
– Phenylalkyamines
• Peyote, MDMA (ecstasy),
– Anticholingernics (belladonna, datura)
– Ketamine, PCP
– Cannabinoids (cannabis, marijuana)
General
• Effects are dependant on:
– Amount ingested
– Experience with the drug
– Basic emotional makeup of user
– Mood and mental state at the time of use
– Preexisting mental illnesses
– Surroundings in which the drug is taken
• Physical and mental effects
– Stimulate the sympathic nervous system
• Causing rise in blood pressure and pulse rate
• Can trigger sweating, palpitations or nausea
General
• Physical and mental effects (continued)
– Interferes with dopamine, norepinephrine,
acetylcholine, anandamine, alpha psychoism,
and especially serotonin
– Stimulation of brain stem causes overload on
sensory pathways making user acutely aware
of all sensation
– Disruption of visual and audio centers can
confuse perception
General
• Illusions, delusions and hallucinations
– Illusions: mistaken perception of an external stimulus
– Delusions; mistaken idea that is not swayed by
reason or other powerful evidence
– Hallucination: sensory experience that does not
come from external stimuli
• Illusions and delusions are primary experiences
with LSD & most psychedelics
• Hallucinations are primary with mescaline,
psilocybin and PCP
Indole Psychedelics
• LSD
– Synthesized form of the ergot fungus that
infects rye and other grasses
– Responsible for thousands of deaths
throughout the centuries, especially in Europe
– Two types of ergot fungus
• Gangrenous ergotism (St Anthony’s Fire)
– Marked by fever, hallucinations and rotting away of
gangrenous extremities of the body
• Convulsive ergotism
– Marked by visual and auditory hallucinations, vomiting,
diarrhea & convulsions
Indole Psychedelics
• LSD first extracted by Dr. Albert Hoffman (1938)
• 1950’s LSD used for therapy for mental illness
and alcoholism
• 1960’s LSD-25 popularized by Harvard
psychologists, Timmothy Leary and Richard
Alpert
• 1966 LSD made legal
• 1970 LSD is made a Schedule I drug
• 1974, LSD considered having no therapeutic
value
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Inc.
2
Indole Psychedelics- LSD
• Manufacturing of LSD is primarily done in
Northern California
– Production involves use of volatile chemicals
– Crystalline LSD is dissolved in alcohol and drops of
the solution placed on blotter paper
• Doses as low as 25 micrograms can cause
mental changes
• Usual doses are 150-300 micrograms
• Effects appear 15 minutes to 1 hour after
ingestion
• Lasts 6-8 hours
Indole Psychedelics- LSD
• Tolerance develops rapidly to psychedelic
effects
• Lost rapidly after cessation, usually a few days
• Withdrawal is usually more mental and
emotional
• Physical effects
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Rise in heart rate and blood pressure
Higher body temperature
Dizziness
Dilated pupils
Sweating
User sees light trails
Indole Psychedelics- LSD
• Mental Effects
– Overloads brainstem causing sensory distortions
(seeing sounds, feeling smells, or hearing colors
– Dreaminess
– Depersonalization
– Altered mood
– Impaired concentration
– Greatest dangers is loss of judgement & impaired
reasoning
• Bad Trips (acute anxiety reactions)
– Affects the emotional center of the brain
– Subject to extremes of euphoria and panic
Indole Psychedelics- LSD
• Mental Illness
– Proponents believe that LSD will afford the
user a short cut to uncovering trauma
– Opponents say LSD is dangerous and can
trigger psychotic episodes
– LSD can aggravate a preexisting mental
illness
• Dependence
– Does not produce compulsive use
– Effects of LSD tend to diminish with continued
use
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Inc.
3
Indole Psychedelics-”Magic Mushrooms”
• Psilocybin and psilocin are active
ingredients in mushrooms found in U.S.,
Mexico, South America, South Asia and
Europe
• Especially important for Indian cultures of
mexico and in pre-Colombian Americas
• Used in ceremonies, dating back to 1000
B.C.
• Contained in 75 species of mushroom
• Chemical structure is similar to LSD
Indole Psychedelics-”Magic Mushrooms”
• Most mushrooms containing psilocybin
cause nausea
• Psychedelic effects include
– Visceral (primal) sensations
– Changes in sight, taste, hearing and touch
– Altered states of consciousness
• Major danger is mistaking poisonous
mushrooms for those containing psilocybin
Other Indole Psychedelics
• Other indole psychedelics
– Ibogaine
• Long lasting psychedelic in high doses and stimulant in lose
doses
• Used in Native cultures in Western and Central Africa
• Research into use to treat heroin and cocaine addiction
– DMT (dimethyltryptamine)
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Similar to psilocin
South American tribes used for over 400 years as snuff
Blow into the noses through hollow reed for ceremony
Can be made in basement labs
Causes intense visual hallucinations
Lasts 30-60 minutes
Nickname is “businessman’s special”
Other Indole Psychedelics
– Morning Glory Seeds (ololiuqui) Hawaiian Wood
Rose Seeds)
• Contains a LSD-like substance (1/10 potency of LSD)
• Sold commercially, but dipped in toxic substance to prevent
misuse
– Foxy (5-methoxy-N-N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeDIPT) & AMT (alphamethyltryptamine)
• Appeared in early 2000s, but not listed as scheduled drugs
• People have been prosecuted under Federal Drug analogue
statue
• Effects include hallucinations, euphoria, empathy, visual and
auditory disturbances (illusions) and emotional distress
• Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
– Yage
• Amazonian vine
• Causes intense vomiting and diarrhea
• Dreamlike state lasting up to 10 hours
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Inc.
4
Peyote, MDMA and Other Phenylalkylamine
Psychedelics
• Peyote (mescaline)
– Mescaline is the active component of the
peyote cactus
– Used by native Americans in ceremony
– 1990, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that use
of peyote not protected by Constitution and
states can ban it
– Effects
• Derived from tops of peyote cactus cut at ground
level
• Lasts approx. 12 hours
• Similar to LSD with emphasis on colorful visions
Psycho-Stimulants
• MDMA (ecstacy, rave, “XTX,” “X”, “Adam,” & “E”
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Shorter acting than MDA (4-6 vs 10-12 hours)
Can be snorted, swallowed or injected
Usually sold in capsules, tablets or powder
Taken at raves
First discovered in 1914, but not until 1969 was a
study first published
Recommended use was for patients with repressed
memories
2002 about 7.2% of high school seniors used MDMA
Capsule or tablet cost $10 – $35
DEA report found that 30-50 % of tablets sold at raves
had no MDMA, but contained other drugs, including
amphetamines, PCP or MDA
MDMA
– MDMA has effects similar to amphetamines
• Tightness of muscles, Muscle spasms,
Clenching of teeth just before psychic
effects begin to appear
• Tolerance is rapid
• Physical side effects include:
–High body temperature
–High blood pressure
–Seizures
MDMA
• Emotional Side Effects
• Feelings of hapiness
• Clarity
• Peace
• Pleasure
• Altered perceptions without depersonalization
• Nonsexual empathy for others
• First few hours ecstasy forces nerve cells to
release their reservoirs of serotonin into the
synaptic gap, depleting vesicles in 3hours
• Takes up to a week or more to produce a sufficient
amount of serotonin
• Excessive stimulation cause serotonin receptors to
retreat causing severe depression and suicidal
ideation
• High-dose can result in acute anxiety
Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake & Datura
• Used in ancient times through Middle Ages and
Renaissance
• Plants contain scopolamine, hyoscyamine and
atropine
• Used in magic ceremonies, sorcery, witchcraft
and religious rituals
• Used as poison
• To mimic insanity
• Beauty aid for women to dialate pupils and make
the eyes more stricking
• Speeds heart rate, creates intense thirst and
raises body temperatures to dangerous levels
Belladonna, Henbane, Mandrake & Datura
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Creates some hallucinations
Separation from reality
Deep sleep for 48 hours
Synthetic anticholingergics like Cogentin and
Artane are used to treat side effects of
antipsychotic drugs
• Also used to treat Parkinson’s Disease
• Derived from legal sources then abused
Ketamine
• Disassociative general anesthetic used in human and
veterinary medical procedures
• Very similar to PCP
• Shares the same receptor site as PCP, although both
have different duration of action
• Ketamine is shorter than PCP
• Can be crystalized by microwave from medical and
dental supplies then smoked in cocaine freebase pipe or
ground and snorted
• Full psychedelic experience includes:
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Out-of-body or near-death experience with depersonalization
Hallucinations
Delirium
Bizarre or mystical experiences
Ketamine
• Toxic Side Effects include
– Respiratory depression
– Increased heart rate and blood presure
– Belligerent Behavior
– Convulsions
– Coma
– Major effects lasts one hour or less
– Classified as a Schedule III drug
PCP “Angel Dust,” “Peep,” “KJ” “Shermans,”
“Ozone”
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Originally produced as an anesthetic for humans
Only supplies now are illegal ones
Can be snorted, swallowed, smoked or injected
Acts like ketamine, only lasts longer
Low dose last 1-2 hours
Moderate dose 4-6 hours
High dose last up to 48 hours
High frequency of bad trips as well as blackouts
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Exsited for over 10,000 years
• Origin in China and Asian, then spread to almost
every country
• 2001 more than 12 million Americans were using
marijuana on a monthly basis, with an average
of 18 joints
• 110,000 emergency room visits
• 39% of adult males and 26% of adult females
arrested had marijuana in their systems
• 53% of juvenile males and 38% female juveniles
arrested had marijuana in their systems
U.S. Marijuana Use Among Youth
Past Month 1978 - 2002
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
8th Grade
10th Grade
12th Grade
15%
10%
5%
0%
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
Copyright, 2004, CNS Productions,
Inc.
1998
2002
6
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Sinsemillia growing technique increase the
potency of marijuana plant
• Rolled in joints or smoked in pipes
• Can be eaten or cooked in foods
• Sticky resin pressed into cakes are called
“hashish”
– Extracted from plant using solvents
• Majority of marijuana comes from Mexico and
Colombia
• People in U.S. grow their own with risk of legal
consequences
Cannabis sativa
Cannabis indica
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Inc.
7
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• 420 chemicals in marijuana plant
• Psychoactive agent is Delta9
Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC
• THC concentration increased from 1-3% in
1960s to 4-15% since then
• 1990 researchers found receptor sites in
brain specifically reactive to marijuana
• Marijuana has relative few receptor sites
to attach to in the autonomic nervous
system so difficult to overdose
THC Content of Cannabis
Marijuana
Sinsemilla
Hashish
Hash oil
Range
0.4% to 9.5%
*Avg..
3.33%
6.0% to 14%
up to 14%
6.66%
5.69%
up to 40%
10.30%
*Department of Justice
Copyright, 2004, CNS Productions,
Inc.
9
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Short-term Effects
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Physical relation
Sedation
Some pain control
Bloodshot eyes
Coughing from lung irritation
Increase in appetite
Increased heart rate
Increased blood flow through mucous membranes of the eye
Decreased nausea
Can act as both a stimulant and depressant depending on
variety, the amount absorbed in brain and setting in which it is
used and personality of person
– Causes disruption of the secretion of male hormone
testosterone
Healthy Mucous
Membrane
Mucous Membrane of
Marijuana Smoker
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Inc.
11
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Mental Effects
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Within a few minutes a user becomes confused
Mentally separated from environment
Produces a feeling of déjà vu
Aloof feeling
Drowsiness
Difficulty concentrating
Produces giddiness
Increased alertness
Major distortions of time, color and sound
Exaggerates mood and personality
Makes smokers empathic to other’s feelings
Can impair judgement
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Long-term effects
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Respiratory problems
Acute and chronic brochitis
Destroys cilia in breathing passages
Cellular changes in cell nucleus
Precursor to cancer
• Immune System
– Heavy use can depress immune system and increase risk of
disease and infection
• Learning and Emotional Maturation
– Slow learning and disrupt concentration on short-term memory
– Thoughts and feelings internalized
• Acute mental Effects
– Can cause anxiety or temporary psychotic reactions
– Can cause paranoia or have effects similar to cocaine or
amphetamine or PCP
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Tolerance
– Occurs in rapid and dramatic fashion
– Persists in body for up to 3 months though effects lasts 3-6 hours
after smoking
• Withdrawal (Not everyone experiences)
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No rapid onset of withdrawal since much is retained in the brain
Anger
Pains
Chills
Inability to concentrate
Depression
Sleep disturbances
Decreased appetite
Sweating
And craving
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• 1994 anatagonist receptor discovered and
blocked in an experiment which caused
animals to go into major withdrawals
• Chronic smokers have difficulty quiting
• Has the ability to induce compulsive use
• Gateway drug through associating with
others who smoke and use other illicit
drugs
• Most widely used illicit drug
• D
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Impairs Driving due to effects of
drowsiness and impaired judgement
• Limited data on amount of THC in body
• Many arrested for DUI had marijuana too
• 65% of heavy drinkers smoke marijuana
Marijuana and Other Cannabinols
• Medical use
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Treat insomnia
Calm anxiety
Control headaches
Childbirth inducer
Control asthma
Treat withdrawal from opiates
Control spasms
Increase appetite
Recommended for glacoma
Nausea control
• Marinol: legal synthetic oral form of THC but
rarely prescribed