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Parts and usage
• the most important component in any personal computer
• contains almost every important elements of the
computer
• IBM refers to is as “system Board” or “ Planner Board”
• other manufacturer refer to this as the “ Logic Board”
• the main circuit board inside the PC which holds the
processor, memory and expansion slots and connects
directly or indirectly to every part of the PC.
• made up of a chipset(known as the “glue logic”), some
code in ROM and the various interconnections or buses.
• Expansion slots
• CPU(Main Processor)
• Coprocessor
• Memory
• BIOS and
• Support circuits of chipset for interrupt, DMA
etc.
The expansion slots are long thin connectors on the
motherboard, near the backside of the computer.
Various expansion cards are connected to the
motherboards through data, address and control
lines/buses on these slots. One can connect various
expansion cards such as display card, hard drive
controller, sound card, network card, modem card etc. on
these slots. When an adapter card is connected to the
expansion slot, it is actually connected to the data,
address and control bus on the motherboard.
The main component of any motherboard is
the main processor chip which controls all the
inner functions of the system. The CENTRAL
PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) functions as the brain
of every PC. It is usually inserted into the socket
and is not soldered onto the motherboard as
many other chips are normally done, this makes
its replacement, in case of any problem, very
easy.
PowerPC Chip
Pentium Chip
Chip Fan
• a mechanical component that provides
mechanical and electrical connections between
a microprocessor and a printed circuit board
(PCB). This allows the CPU to be replaced
without soldering.
Types:
PGA – Pin Grid Array ; Protruding Pins
LGA – Land Grid Array ; Balls Grid Array
Pin Grid Array
Land Grid Array
• the place where computer stores the
program and data that help the program
in carrying out its operations.
• used by computers to run its operating
system in any application that you start
and also responsible in loading a system.
• RAM memory(Random Access Memory)
is a read/write type of memory which is
used by the processor to keep program,
data and intermediate results during
program executions. It is VOLATILE type
of memory, which lose its content when
the power supply is switched off.
SIMMS:
72-pin SIMM (4-1/4”)
30-pin SIM (3-1/2”)
DIMM:
Pins: 168 – pin,184 – pin, 240 – pin
DDR1 –2.4 or 2.5 v
DDR2 – 1.8 V
DDR3 – 1.5 V
Socket
RAM (DIP)
The physical installation of RAM memory on the
motherboard can take place in various ways.
• DIP(dual In-line Pin) memory chips were used on
initial motherboards.
• Later SIMM ( single inline memory modules)
became common.
• Currently DIMM(dual inline memory modules) are
most common memory module.
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
 as its name suggest is a read only type of
memory it cannot be written.
a Non-Volatile type of memory, meaning it does
not lose its content when the power supply to it is
switched off.
A motherboard normally contains one or more of
these ROM chips.
• BIOS -Basic Input Output System.
• A chip w/c directs the I/O operations of all the
devices in or attached to the system
• All Peripherals are instructed by BIOS
• Holds the configuration, loading the operating
system, detects also the devices, and monitors the
PC temperature.
• Communication between the processor and memory
• Prepares the machine so
other software programs
stored on various media
(such as hard drives,
floppies, and CD’s) can
load, execute, and assume
control of the computer.
• Alternatively referred to as a Real-Time
Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile RAM
(NVRAM) or CMOS RAM
• short for Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor.
• an on-board semiconductor chip powered
by a CMOS battery inside computers
• Contains the information about the system
configuration (hard disk types, date and time,
and the order in w/c the computer will look for
bootable disk). The CMOS battery allows the
CMOS to pressure these settings.
• Preserves the settings of the
BIOS
• This houses the CMOS battery
• a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are
designed to work together, and are usually
marketed as a single product.
There are two Chipset in a Motherboard:
• Northbridge Chipset
• Southbridge Chipset
• Also known as the I/O controller Hub (ICH)
• the chip that controls all of the computers
I/O functions, such as USB , audio, serial,
the system BIOS , the ISA bus, and the IDE
channels.
• Also known as “Memory Controller hub”.
• Typically handles communications between
the CPU, RAM, AGP.
• Always closer to CPU w/ heat sink
• also one of the responsible in processing
data.
• The chipset is the "glue" that connects the
microprocessor to the rest of the
motherboard and therefore to the rest of
the computer. All of the various
components of the computer communicate
with the CPU through the chipset.
• The Northbridge connects directly to the
processor via the front side bus (FSB). A
memory controller is located on the
Northbridge, which gives the CPU fast
access to the memory. The Northbridge
also connects to the AGP or PCI Express
bus and to the memory itself.
• The Southbridge is slower than the
Northbridge, and information from the
CPU has to go through the Northbridge
before reaching the Southbridge. Other
busses connect the Southbridge to the PCI
bus, the USB ports and the IDE or SATA
hard disk connections.
• Chipset selection and CPU selection go
hand in hand, because manufacturers
optimize chipsets to work with specific
CPUs. The chipset is an integrated part of
the motherboard, so it cannot be removed
or upgraded. This means that not only
must the motherboard's socket fit the CPU,
the motherboard's chipset must work
optimally with the CPU.
• a computer bus interface for connecting host bus
adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk
drives and optical drives.
• designed to replace the older AT Attachment standard
offering several advantages over the older interface:
• reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors instead of
40),
• native hot swapping,
• faster data transfer through higher signalling rates,
• more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O
queuing protocol.
• More commonly known as ATA and is a
standard interface for IBM compatible
hard drives.
•Primary IDE header – Goes to hard disk
•Secondary IDE header – Goes to CDROM
Data Cable
• Will give a power supply of the whole
system board
• 24/20 PIN depends on the system
board
Pin Out
24 PIN ATX Connector
• This adds a additional 12v to your processor
POST(Power-On-Self-Test)
• This produce audible beep indicating an
error, warning, or system ok.
• Connection where the CD drive is plugged
in
• Also transfer power to the CD drive such
as the audit of the CD ROM
• Allows the computer to recognized the
drive in order to operate correctly
• Jack for microphone, headset, speaker
• Use to connect Ethernet patch cable
Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
headers are sockets on a
motherboard into which
floppy disk drive cables are
plugged. Some motherboards
have more than one FDD
header; many newer
motherboards omit them
entirely, as floppy disks have
become obsolete.
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DDR – Double Data Rate
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
DIP-dual in-line package
SIMM-single in-line memory module
DIMM-dual in-line memory module
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ATX - Advanced Technology eXtended
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