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Demand: key factors 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. world economy sea borne commodity trade average haul exogenous factors transport cost 1. World economy factor 1. Business cycles (strong correlation). The 2008 crisis strongly influenced trade… 2. Sea trade elasticity. ΔST / ΔGDP. Positive means more trade increase/decrease in GDP increase/decrease. Keep in mind: 90% of global trade through shipping 3. Global see trade cycle (e.g. BRICs) Business cycles • Investment Multiplier & income accelerator • Time-lags make cyclical fluctuations extreme • Stockbuilding (pro-cyclical…) • Behavioural reasons psychology/expectations (Pigou ‘non-compensating errors’ effect, or ‘herding’, or self-fulfilling expectations” Business cycles (the most important factor. They influence shipping cycles) Volume of World Trade. An example of volatility 2. Seaborne commodity trades • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Short term (seasonality of commodities makes difficult to plan, spot market critical). Long term: Changes in Product’s demand (i.e. oil in 60s) Change in the sources’ “place” of the product (i.e. 70s Alaska, North sea…+ iron in China in the 90s…). Changes in the location of production – trade pattern change). i.e., refining oil before shipment… Change in transport policy (especially since the’70s where oil companies planned the tonnage needed to transport, signing long-term contracts with ship-owners, spot market only 10%). Spot market now more than 50%. 3. Average haul (μέση διανυόμενη απόσταση θαλάσσιας διαδρομής) & ton miles (tonnage of cargo shipped, multiplied by the average transported distance) • Μεταβλητή της απόστασης ως παράγοντας ζήτησης (i.e. closure of Suez…D ↑, Freights ↑) • To take account of AH we measure sea transport demand in terms of: Ton miles (τονάζ φορτίου Χ μέση απόσταση). • Παράγοντες: 1. ένα κλείσιμο διώρυγας προκαλεί αύξηση AH, αύξηση ζήτησης, αύξηση ναύλων!). 2. Σημαντικός ο παράγων απόστασης εξαγωγικών περιοχών και καταναλωτικών. 3.The discovery of Alaska & Mexico oil diminished AH Ποικίλει σχετικά με το μεταφερόμενο εμπόρευμα. Short / long haul suppliers 4. External (random) factors of Demand • Κύκλοι διεθνούς εμπορίου • Διαφορές κύκλων και κρίσεων exceptional moments) στις τιμές των ναύλων κατά Stopford. Also: Accidents, natural or social forces, lack of periodicity & connections with free markets , etc. • Technology (Kuhn: the logic of scientific revolution) • Λογική της κανονικής καμπύλης της προσφοράς όταν οι επιδράσεις είναι θετικές (νέες παραγγελίες πλοίων, νέοι εφοπλιστές, μεγαλύτερης χωρητικότητας νέα πλοία, κτλ • Κόστος μεταφοράς! 2.5% κατά ΜΟ (cost of transactions) • Εργασία για φοιτητές: Επιλέξτε μεγάλα γεγονότα εξωτερικών παραγόντων και συσχετίστε τα με τις τιμές των ναύλων! Long run, transport costs (8 times bigger ships, same Freight price!!! Demand…. • In the short-term inelastic, as no substitutes exist. So demand is not depending so much on… Δ freight rates. E= Δ Demand transport service / Δ Price (freight). Δq/q / Δp/p = Δq·p / q·Δp Freight Passengers 2010 $1000 10.000 2011 $1250 9.000 2012 $1500 8.900 • E1= 1000·1000 / 10.000·250 = 0.4 • E2= 100·1250 / 250·9.000 = 0,055 Inelastic – steep ! The less the value of the “freight / total value of the product”, the more (in the shortterm) inelastic demand is.