Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Sustainability Indicators – The Norwegian example by Torstein Bye Director, Economics, Energy and Environmental Department Statistics Norway Policy and the capital approach National Economic wealth The Norwegian indicator commission The Norwegian indicator set The capital approach Heterogeneity Summary Policy and the capital approach Agenda 21 • Six policy areas – matching the capital approach ? – International cooperation for sustainable development and combating poverty • Prerequisite for sustainability? – Climate, ozone and long range air pollution • Flows • (additional indicators to capture stock – global warming?) – Biodiversity and cultural heritage • Mix of stocks and flows – Natural resources • stocks – Hazardous chemicals • Critical values – Sustainable economic and social development ? • Flows (supplementary wealth) National Economic wealth since 1993 – 70 % increase Natural resource capital National economic wealth by source. 1986-2008. 1986-2008. 1000 NOK/capita. Fixed 2008-prices **Net present value **Oil and gas 12000 **Hydro power 10000 **Fisheries 8000 **Agriculture 6000 **Forestry 4000 Produced capital – **national accounts 2000 0 -2000 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 Natural resources capital Produced capital Financial assets Total capital 2001-2005 2006-2008 Human capital Financial assets **Net foreign assets Human capital **Residual –npv - infinity The Norwegian indicator commission -16 indicators policy oriented capital approach Table 1. Proposal for indicator set and relations to issues and components of the national wealth Indicator Greenhouse gases Critical land areas Issues Climate change Acidification Terrestrial Nesting birds Ecosystem Ecological Freshwater lakes ecosystem Ecological coastal Coastal waters ecosystem Efficiency of Energy/GDP resources Renewable Arctic cod resources Hazardous substances Critical Net national income Income Petroleum Sustainable adj. saving Consumption Education Generational accounts Life expectancy Unemployd/di sability Trade with LDC Education ODA/GDP Global poverty Public finance Health Exclusion Global poverty Political issues Climate etc Biodiversity Nat.Resource Hazardous Economic dev ٧ ٧ Social Financial Components of wealth - capital Produced C Human Nat.resources Environment ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ ٧ The Norwegian sustainable indicators -18 indicators Components of national wealth Financial Produced assets capital Human capital Natural resources capital EnvironSocial mental capital capital Policy areas The Norwegian Indicator set Size of spawning stock of North-Atlantic cod and Norwegian spring-spawning herring Irreversible losses of biologically productive areas Energy use per unit GDP Norwegian emissions of greenhouse gases compared to Kyoto target Emissions of NOx, NH3, SO2 and NMVOCs Priority areas Natural Resources Climate, ozone, and lon-range air pollution Bird population index - population trends for breeding bird species in terrestrial ecosystems Proportion of inland water bodies classified as clearly not at risk Proportion of coastal waters classifies as clearly not at risk Trend in standards of maintenance of protected buildings Potential exposure to hazardous substances Net national income per capita by sources of income Trends in income distribution Generational accounts Population by highest level of educational development Disability pensioners and long-term unemployed persons in percentage of the population Life expectancy at birth Norwegian official development assistance, in NOK and in percentage of gross national income Imports from least developed countries and from all developing countris Biodiversity and cultural heritage Hazardous chemicals Sustainable economic and social development International cooperation for sustainable development and combating poverty Natural Resources Climate, ozone, and lon-range air pollution Biodiversity and cultural heritage International Sustainable cooperation for Hazardous economic and sust. chemicals social development development and combating poverty Social areas The Norwegian sustainable indicators -18 Total national wealth Financial Produced capital capital National Economic wealth 322´ /cap 1247´/cap Natural Resources capital Human Natural Environcapital Resource mental capital* capital 8115´/cap Social capital 1412´/cap Population highest level Bird population of education index Blue-positive Red-negative Disability and long term unemployd Life expectancy at birth Development assistance Emission of greenhouse gases Emissions of Coastal areas at NOx, SO2 and risk NMVOC Maintenance of buildings Imports from LDC Inland water at risk Generation accountstighten publ.budget Energy use per capita Size of spawning stock of cod/herring Irreversible loss of biologically areas Exposure to hazardous substances Int. coop. for sust/pove rty combat. Trends in income distribution Heterogeneity - 64 – indicators and statistics • 2. International cooperation for sustainable development and combating poverty • • 2.1. Norwegian official development assistance, in NOK and as percentage of gross national income. 1991-2009 2.2. Imports from least developed countries (LDCs) and from other developing countries. 1992-2008. NOK billion • 3. Climate, ozone and long-range air pollution • • • • • 3.1. Norwegian emissions of greenhouse gases compared with the Kyoto Protocol target. 1987-2008. Million tonnes CO2 equivalents 3.2. Atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii. March 1958-February 2009. ppm 3.3. Global mean temperature. 1850-2008 3.4. Emission of greenhouse gases in Norway, by source. 1990-2008. Million tonnes CO2-equivalents 3.5. Global CO2 emissions. 1751-2006. Million tonnes carbon 3.6. Emissions of CO2 from combustion of fossil fuels. Selected countries and regions. 2006. Tonnes per capita 3.7. Norwegian emissions of NOx, NH3, SO2 and NMVOCs compared with the Gothenburg Protocol commitment. 1 000 tonnes 3.8. Emissions of acidifying substances in Norway. 1 000 tonnes acid equivalents. 1980-2008 3.9. Emissions of SOx. EMEP region. 1980-2006 and projections to 2010 and 2020. 1 000 tonnes 3.10. Percentage of Norway’s land area where critical loads for acidification are exceeded. 3.11. TOFP-values 1990-2008. Index, 1990=1 • 4. Biodiversity and cultural heritage • 4.1. Bird population index – population trends for breeding bird species in terrestrial ecosystems (forest, mountain, farmland) 4.2. Important impact factors for Norwegian Red List species. 4.3. Wilderness-like areas in Norway. 1900, 1940 and 2003 4.4. Principle drawing for calculation of the Nature Index 4.5. Nature Index for middle parts of Norway. 4.6. Proportion of the area of inland and coastal water bodies and proportion of river length classified as “not at risk”. Per cent 4.7. Water regions in Norway 4.7. Percentage of Norwegian water bodies classified as “not at risk” of failing to meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive in 2015. Inland water bodies and coastal waters, by river basin district. 4.9. Standards of maintenance of protected buildings as per May 2009. Number of buildings • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Heterogeneity - 64 – indicators and statistics • 5. Natural resources • • • • • • 5.1. Energy use per unit GDP and total energy use (PJ) for renewable and non-renewable energy sources. 1976-2007 5.2. Energy use in selected countries and regions. 2006. Kg oil equivalents (kgoe) per capita 5.3. Production of oil and gas, energy use in production and energy use per unit produced on the Norwegian continental shelf. 1990-2008. Index, 1990=1 5.4. Use of energy per unit value added in industry and commerce outside oil and gas production, and household energy use per capita. Indices, 1990=1 5.5. World energy use 1965-2007. Million tonnes oil equivalents 5.6. Extraction and use of energy goods in Norway. 1970-2008. PJ 5.7. Size of spawning stock of Northeast Arctic cod and Norwegian spring-spawning herring, compared with the precautionary reference points (Bpa). Million tonnes 5.8. Quotas and landings. Northeast Arctic cod. 1978-2009. 1 000 tonnes 5.9. Quotas and landings. Norwegian spring-spawning herring. 1978-2009. 1 000 tonnes 5.10. Size of spawning stock of North Sea herring (autumn spawners) and North Sea cod compared with the precautionary reference points (Bpa). 1963-2008 5.11. Size of spawning stock of Barents Sea capelin compared with the critical reference point. 1973-2008. 1 000 tonnes 5.12. Loss of cultivated and cultivable land in accordance with the Planning and Building Act and the Land Act. 1976-2008. Decares • 6. Hazardous chemicals • 6.1. Releases of hazardous substances 2002-2007 relative to the 2002 level, split by hazard categories (index 2002=1), and releases by hazard categories in 2002 and 2007. Tonnes 6.2. Releases from dominant product categories, by hazard categories, 2007. Percentages 6.3. Releases from manufacturing industry and other industries, by hazard categories, 2007. Percentages 6.4. Concentration of short and medium chained polychlorinated paraffins in cod liver from five localities along the Norwegian coast. Ng (nanogrammes)/g lipid 7. Sustainable economic and social development 7.1. Net national income in NOK per capita, by sources of income. 1986-2008. Constant 2008 prices 7.2. National wealth, by type of capital. 1986-2008. NOK 1 000 per capita. Fixed 2008- prices 7.3 Trends in income distribution. 1986-2007 7.4. Real income after taxes per for persons in different categories of the income distribution. Per cent 7.5. Generational accounts: Need to tighten public sector finances as a share of GDP 7.6. Growth in employment in public services. 2007-2060. Index, 2007=1 7.7. Population (aged 16 years and over) by highest level of educational attainment 7.8. Persons in the age group 25-64 years with tertiary education. OECD countries. 2006. Per cent 7.9. Disability pensioners and long-term unemployed persons as a percentage of the population 7.10. Seasonally adjusted unemployment in selected countries. 2004-2009. Per cent of the work force 7.11. Life expectancy at birth. 1825-2008 7.12. Percentage of population with health problems that influence every day life to a great degree, by age groups and sex. 7.13. Percentage of population with different diseases, by age groups. 2008 7.14. Percentage of Norwegian population with overweight (BMI<=27). Men and women. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Summary • • • • • • The capital approach “is the basis” ? More flow indicators than stock indicators Work in progress Heterogeneity and aggregation – valuation Human capital Nothing on social capital so far