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CITIES AT RISK A PRIMER OF KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN MULTIPLY AND SPILL OVER FOR THE BENEFIT OF MILLIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA EXAMPLE: THIRTY-FIVE CITIES AT HIGH RISK FROM EARTHQUAKES These cities have physical and socioeconomic factors known to increase risk (the chance of loss) to people, buildings, and infrastructure when a M7.0 or greater earthquake occurs ELEMENTS OF RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION FAULT RUPTURE DAMAGE/LOSS EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING DAMAGE/LOSS TSUNAMI DAMAGE/ LOSS TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/ LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS FACTORS KNOWN TO INCREASE URBAN RISK FROM EARTHQUAKES exponential growth in population high density urban development a low GDP and a deep poverty cycle lack of enforcement of a modern building code and modern infrastructure standards lack of modern emergency management high to very high seismicity prone to landslides and liquefaction prone to tsunamis, in some cases TEHRAN, IRAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES ALGIERS, ALGERIA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES GREATER CAIRO, EGYPT IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES DEHLI, INDIA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES KATHMANDU, NEPAL IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES ISMIT, TURKEY IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES ISTANBUL, TURKEY IS VULNERABLE FROM EARTHQUAKES WENCHUAN, CHINA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES JAKARTA, INDONESIA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES MEXICO CITY, MEXICO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES GUAYAQUIL, ECUADOR IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES SAN SALVADOR, EL SALVADOR IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES SANTIAGO, CHILE IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES ANTOFAGASTA, CHILE IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES QUITO, ECUADOR IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES CARACAS, VENEZUELLA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES THESSALONIKI, GREECE IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES LISBON, PORTUGAL IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES BARCELONA, SPAIN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES TANGSHAN, CHINA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES KOBE, JAPAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES NAGOYA,JAPAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES TOKYO, JAPAN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES TIA JUANA, MEXICO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES LOS ANGELES, CA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES SAN FRANCISCO IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES SEATTLE, WA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES ANCHORAGE, ALASKA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES VANCOUVER, CANADA IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES MEMPHIS, TN IS VULNERABLE TO EARTHQUAKES
