Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
U.S. Domestic Policies (1945-1980) Unit VIIB AP U.S. History Fundamental Question Compare and contrast the administrations of Democratic presidents and Republican presidents regarding political and economical policies. Truman’s Presidency Republican Majority in Congress in 1946 Postwar turmoil (strikes, inflation) and rejuvenated conservatism led to Republican victories Eliminated price controls leading to rapid inflation and strikes Truman ordered troops to settle strikes Taft-Hartley Act (1947) - unions Prohibited closed shops, political contributions, sympathy strikes Twenty-Second Amendment (1951) Term limits Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Civil Rights Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Desegregated the federal government and military (1948) Election of 1948 Democrats Split Truman’s civil rights and foreign policy upset Democrats Liberal Democrats and Henry Wallace States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) and Strom Thurmond Republican Confidence Thomas Dewey ran a cautious campaign while Truman aggressively campaigned Truman Victory Despite the press and experts predicting a sound Republican victory, Truman won the election Election of 1948 Truman’s Fair Deal A continuation of New Deal-style social welfare programs Policies: Expansion of Social Security Increased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 cents Housing Act of 1949 Urban projects and public housing Protections and relief programs in labor, agriculture, health, education, infrastructure Failures: National healthcare insurance Limited civil rights legislation 22nd Amendment In response to FDR’s four consecutive terms Republican Congress proposed to avoid a repeat of FDR’s dominance Presidential term limits to two Ratified 1951 Election of 1952 “I like Ike!” - Dwight D. Eisenhower on the Republican ticket Richard Nixon as VP Checkers speech Adlai Stevenson for Democrats Eisenhower won by landslide Election of 1952 Eisenhower’s Republicanism Modern Republicanism/Dynamic Conservatism Cut federal spending and deficit spending Federal support for business Reduce federal powers and influence to states/locals More Money Toward Defense and Cutbacks for Social Programs Surpluses in some years Per-capita increases and low inflation Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953) Soil-bank program Interstate Highway System Connected major cities Significantly developed transportation and urban sectors Interstate Highway System The American Dream – 1950s Prosperity Defense Spending and Investment Why? Production and innovation during WWII Fear and defense against Communism How? Department of Defense (DOD) became the nation’s top consumer More and more companies and contractors worked with DOD Recessions? Throw more money toward DOD rather than social programs Automation in Industries Innovation and Research and Development Threatened blue-collars and white-collars prospered Middle-Class Expansion White-collar jobs increased given focus on education and defense spending Election of 1956 Despite Eisenhower’s popularity and success, the Democratic Party won Congressional majorities in 1954 midterm elections. They would sustain those majorities until the 1982 midterms. 23rd Amendment District of Columbia receives right to vote and electoral college votes Ratified 1961 Election of 1960 Republicans nominate Nixon Democrats nominated John F. Kennedy Massachusetts and a Catholic Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas as VP Television and Debates Kennedy = born for the limelight Nixon = tense and uncomfortable Close Call Kennedy won by just over 100,000 votes Election of 1960 Nixon looked very uncomfortable and was visibly sweating. Kennedy had a knack for the camera. Election of 1960 Kennedy’s Policies “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can for your country.” Fiscal Conservative New Frontier Expansion of social welfare Stimulus plans for slumping economy Clean Air Act (1963) Strong support for civil rights legislation with Attorney General Robert Kennedy “We choose to go to the Moon…” Kennedy’s Assassination Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 Warren Commission Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassin Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal government Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One Johnson’s Great Society War on Poverty Office of Economic Opportunity Food Stamps Community Action Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Significant increases in educational funding in all levels Elementary and Secondary Education Act Health Care Medicare - health services for elderly Medicaid - health services for low-income families Department of Transportation Urban mass transit acts National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for protection, drunk drivers Environmental Protection Wilderness Act, Endangered Species Act Cultural Promotion National Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts AND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and public radio (NPR) Civil Rights Legislation - ALSO SEE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA SECTION Elimination of immigration quota laws $10 Billion Tax Cuts Consumer spending rose 45% Federal government earning revenue Consumer Protection Fair Packaging and Labeling Act 24th Amendment In response to Jim Crow laws and massive civil rights movement. Prohibited all governments from enacting poll taxes. Ratified in 1964. Election of 1964 Republicans and Barry Goldwater Strong conservative Republican Attacked Johnson’s welfare state programs Johnson’s Campaign “Daisy” Election of 1964 25th Amendment In response to cases such as William Henry Harrison, Abraham Lincoln, and recently JFK Presidential succession: Ratified in 1967. Election of 1968 Vietnam and Robert Kennedy Johnson stepped away due to Vietnam escalation Kennedy was frontrunner until assassination Republicans and Nixon Peace and Honor; Law and Order Democrats and Hubert Humphrey Suffered from anti-war backlash Riots at Democratic National Convention in Chicago Henry Wallace and American Independent Party Ran against expanded government and civil rights legislation Election of 1968 26th Amendment In response to student-led protests to the Vietnam Conflict Right to vote extended to 18 years old. Ratified in 1971. Nixon’s Early Presidency New Federalism Revenue sharing and block grants Stagflation and Economy Production decreased while prices increased Spending cuts to deficit spending 90-day price and wage freeze Devalued dollar off gold standard Silent Majority Developed coalition of Southern whites and conservatives responding to counterculture and liberal youths Election of 1972 Watergate Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) Democratic National Headquarters Break-in (June 1972) Enemies List and Wiretaps Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox fired - Saturday Night Massacre Nixon Tapes United States v. Nixon ruled against executive privilege Drafting Impeachment Obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress Resignation on August 9, 1974 The Watergate Hotel Complex Nixon held fast to his innocence… Nixon is captain of a sinking ship. … then he resigned. Gerald Ford (1974-1977) Assumed office after Nixon’s resignation Pardons Nixon to end “national nightmare” Oil Crisis of 1973 Oil reductions led to economic slowdowns and increasing inflation WIN (Whip Inflation Now) Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by businesses and consumers Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional Democrats Election of 1976 Ford barely won Republican nomination from Reagan Democrats nominate Jimmy Carter Southern outsider Democrats used Watergate and economy to win Election of 1976 Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) 1979 Energy Crisis Inflation skyrocketed while economy slowed further “Malaise Speech” Dependency on oil and nonrenewable fuels will affect the future Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker Raised interest rates to highest levels Resulted in higher inflation and lower GDP in the short-run In the long-run, the economy recovered but after Carter’s administration Election of 1980 Carter and Democrats suffered from stagflation and Iran hostage crisis Popular Ronald Reagan secured Republican nomination and eventual presidency Conservative Comeback As a result of liberalism and counterculture, conservatives began a grassroots reemergence William F. Buckley Fiscal and political conservatives coupled with social conservatives Barry Goldwater, Milton Friedman, Ronald Reagan Demographics of Conservatives Blue-collar workers, rural, suburbs/commuter towns, yuppies, fundamentalists, upper-class/corporates Regional Bases Southern Democrats shifted Republican Midwest more solidly Republican Christian Conservatism Moral Majority - Jerry Falwell Voting bloc/interest group of fundamentalists Election of 1980 Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) Reagan Revolution Reaganomics - Supply-Side Economics Tax cuts will reduce government spending, increase business investment and production Corporate tax, capital gains tax, gift tax CUT Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programs Drastic spending on defense Deregulation Limited regulation of businesses Opened up federal conservation lands for resources and development Labor Unions Decrease Membership Reagan and Flight Controllers Replacement workers/scabs Election of 1984 Reagan’s Impact Defense spending and tax cuts = Tripled national debt $900 billion to $2.7 trillion Trade deficits and debtor status Business and Society of Deregulation Corporations and UpperClass thrived in wealth Socioeconomic gap widened Welfare programs cut Virtual end of New Deal/Great Society visions and goals