Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Applications for Membership of the EU Turkey - April 1987 Cyprus - July 1990 Malta - July 1990 Hungary - March 1994 Poland - April 1994 Romania - June 1995 Slovakia - June 1995 Latvia - October 1995 Estonia - November 1995 Lithuania - December 1995 Bulgaria - December 1995 Czech Rep. - January 1996 Slovenia - June 1996 Croatia – February 2003 Macedonia – Spring 2004 EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Population from May 2004 450 million 400 300 272 million 200 126 million 100 0 EU USA Japan EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Increase in area 18% 82% EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Population change 17% 83% EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be GDP change ACC 6% EU 94% EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be We have practiced membership for a decade already: Bilateral European Agreements between the EU and applicants have created convergence with the EU in economic, political and social areas. Has covered a wide range of issues such as: trade, political dialogue, legal approximation and other areas of cooperation, including industry, environment, transport and customs. EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Important effects of Enlargement •A more peaceful Europe •A Europe of nearly half a billion inhabitants •Addition of rapidly growing economies, boosting economic growth and job creation •Better quality of life for citizens through the protection of the environment, and the fight against crime, drugs and immigration. •Wider cultural diversity •Stronger role for the EU in world affairs EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Any progress yet? • Stable democracies have emerged in a record period • Economic reforms have proven successful, leading to high rates of economic growth • EUs financial assistance and the prospect of EU membership have stimulated development • Trade and investment has developed well EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be GDP per Capita – 2003 Index. EU-15 = 100. PPS 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Lux Ire Den Aus UK Net Bel Swe Fra Fin Ger Ita Spa Por Gre US: 139; Japan: 102 EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be GDP per Capita – 2003 Index. EU-15 = 100. PPS 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Tur Bul Rom Lat Est Lit Pol Slova Hun CR Por Slove Gre Spa Ita Ger Fin Fra Swe Bel UK Net Aus Den Ire Lux EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Growth Rate of GDP – 2003 % Percentage change on previous year 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 US: 2; Japan: 0,3 EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Slove -2 CR Hun Pol Slova Est Bul Rom Tur Lat Lit Net Por Ger Fra Ita Den Bel Aus Lux Swe Fin Ire UK Spa Gre -1 Annual Growth in GDP % 5 4 3 2 1 0 1999 2000 2001 EU 2002 2003 2004 ACC EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Total Unemployment Rate -2003 USA: 6,0 Japan: 5,3 % 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Li t Bu l Sl ov Po l Fi n Tu r G re G er Fr a Es t La t Sp a It a R M al Be l C e un Po r Sl on R om H Sw K en D U Ir e Lu x N et A us C yp 0 EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Employment by sector 2001 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Agriculture Industry and construction Services EU ACC EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Sector effects •Risk sectors are characterised by high labour intensity. Accession countries have favourable wage/productivity ratio •The labour force in the accession countries is well educated so some more ‘skill-intensive’ sectors might come under pressure in the EU as well •In the service sectors, advantages for the EU are mainly in the fields of business and financial services, whereas among the accession countries’ exports, tourism and transportation services are dominant EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Labour productivity GDP in PPS per person employed relative to EU-15 = 100. 2003 140 US: 120,7 Japan: 89,4 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bul Rom Tur Lat Lit Est Pol CR Slov Por Hun Slon Cyp Mal Gre Ger Spa Swe UK Net Aus Den Fin Ita Fra Bel Ire Lux EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Earnings Average gross annual earnings in industry and services, EUR, 2001 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 Slov Hun Pol Mal Por Gre Cyp Spa Fra Fin Swe Bel Net Lux Ger UK Den EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Wage/Productivity New Member States roughly delivers half the productivity for a quarter of the price Threat or opportunity? EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be The knowledge economy: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D % of GDP - 2000 % 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 e Sw r n n F i G e De Fr a l Be s et Au N x UK Lu Slo n CR e Ir Ita H r un Spa Po t t Es Li l e Po G r r l v Tu Slo Bu t p La Rom Cy EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be The knowledge economy: % Internet penetration in EU households - 2003 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be at L it L Po r G re Po l E st Sl on C yp C R It a Fi n L ux G er B el A us Ir e Fr a Sp a Sw e U K en D N et 0 The knowledge economy: % Internet penetration in enterprises 2003 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Lat Fra Gre Por Pol Lux UK Ita Spa Ger Net Ire Slon Aus Bel Den Swe Fin EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be The knowledge economy: Patent applications to European Patent Office Per 1 million inhabitants - 2001 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 Pol CR Hun Slovn Gre Por Spa Ita Ire UK Fra Bel Aus Den Net Ger Fin Swe EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Energy intensity of the economy- 2001 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 USA Fin Gre Por Bel Spa UK Swe Net Lux Fra Ita Ger Ire Aus Den EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Energy intensity of the economy- 2001 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Bul Est Lit Rom Slov CR Lat Pol Hun Tur Slon Cyp Mal Fin Gre Por Bel Spa UK Swe Net Lux Fra Ita Ger Ire Aus Den EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Business effects – Four drivers •Strong boost to foreign direct investment due to higher confidence in a predictable political and regulatory framework. •Raising training and skills standards, as well as productivity improvements, technology transfers, modernised plant and equipment, and better environment and social standards. •Higher levels of international competitiveness in both the new and the old Member States. •Increased cross-border trade between the new and the old Member States. EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Regional effects •Countries with no borders with the new Member States will be affected less by the increase of competition from the accession countries •The impact on countries with borders to the new members will be much higher: They will benefit more from the demand in the accession countries but also fell increase in competition EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Impact on SMEs In many sectors the impact will be restricted to regions close to the new EU members. Micro and small enterprises tend to serve local needs and impact will be more moderate. Medium-sized companies are often hampered in their international activities by transaction costs, which will be reduced because of enlargement Medium sized companies will have new partnership and market opportunities in the enlarged market. Requires an effort! EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be The business environment Level of cooruption: Transparency Internnational 2003 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Pol Slova Lat CR Gre Lit Hun Ita Est Slove Por Spa Fra Ire Bel Ger Aus Lux UK Net Swe Den Fin EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be Investment, enlargement and SMEs •Enlargement will mean a reduction of transaction costs due to Internal Market. •Therefore, enlargement could improve the position of SMEs in terms of trade and investment, but the question remains as to whether and which SMEs will invest. •Partnership opportunities should be considered. Enlargement: Threat or opportunity for SMEs? EPC EDUCATION AND TRAINING – www.epctraining.be