Download Era 8: The Cold War Domestic and Foreign Events and Issues

Era 8: The Cold War Domestic and Foreign Events and Issues
Out of all of the Units of Study for U.S. History Since 1877, the largest era is the time
period known as the Cold War. The student expectations for the years 1945-1992 have
multiple issues, events, and people that are important to investigate and understand why
they are so important.
In the student guides provided to you, in order to prevent creating on HUGE unit, the
Cold War has been broken down into 3 different parts. Each piece of the Cold War is tied
together by a central theme and focus:
8a: The Cold War - Foreign Issues and Events
8b: The Cold War - The Civil Rights Movement
8c: The Cold War - Domestic Issues and Events
Therefore, it is important to remember that for the next three units, the events that
occur in 8a, are occurring at the same time as events in 8b and 8c. Therefore, a timeline of
foreign and domestic issues and events is being provided to you to demonstrate when the
major events occurred during the Cold War. (See provided example)
Who was President
when these events
occurred?
Photo of the
President
When did these
events occur?
Sections 8b & 8c
Civil Rights
Movement
Domestic Issues and
Events
Section 8a
Foreign Issues/Events
’
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Page 1
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Harry S. Truman (1945 - 1953)
Po
ts
En dam
d
of Co
W nf
or er
St
ld en
rik
e
W c
W
ar e
Tr
a
II
um v
e
an
of
D
’
D
es
46
eg oc
tri
re
n
ga
M
e
ar
te
Sp
sh
d
ee
th
Be al
ch
e
l
rlin Pl
an Arm
A
irli
Pa ed
Ho
us ft /B sse For
ce
eg d
US ing
s
in
Jo A
s
ct
i
n
Be
s
P
rlin NA as
s
A TO ed
irli
Ko
ft
re
an /En
ds
W
ar
Be
gi
Fir
ns
st
TV
Br
oa
dc
as
ti
n
C
ol
or
Timeline
1945
8a
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
VE Day
Potsdam Conference
Dropping of the atomic
bombs
VJ Day
Truman Doctrine issued
Marshall Plan
U.S. recognizes the State of
Israel
Berlin Blockade
Formation of NATO
USSR detonates Its first
atomic weapon
The People’s Republic of
China established
USSR and China form an
alliance
Korean War begins
US detonates the first
hydrogen bomb
1947
8b-8c
1949
•
•
1953
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
1951
The National
Security Council, the
CIA, the
Department of
Defense and the
National Security
Resources Board
created
Housing Act (1949)
passed
Senator J. McCarthy
accuses the
government of
employing
communists
Economic
•
•
•
•
Employment Act
(1946) passed
Labor Management
Relations Act (1947)
passed over
Truman’s veto
Revenue Act (1950)
increased income
and corporate
taxes
Truman declares
state of national
emergency and
imposes wage and
price controls
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Social
•
•
•
Jackie Robinson
plays for the
Brooklyn Dodgers
Truman
desegregates the
national forces and
asks Congress for
legislation for
housing and civil
rights
The McCarranWalter Act (1952)
passed over
Truman’s veto to
prevent the
immigration of
communists into the
US
Page 2
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Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 - 1961)
Ko
“
C
ha
nc
e
re
an Fo
W r Pe
ar
Br
a
ow
En ce
n
ds ”
v
Sp
B
M
ee
oa
on
ch
r
d
M tgo
ilit m
a
M ry ery
ilit A
ar dv Bus
y iso B
A
dv rs oyc
Fe
iso Sen ot
de
rs t t t
ra
Se o
l-A
Sp
nt
id
ut
to
Hi
Lit nik
g
tle La
h
Ro un wa
y
ck ch
A
ct
e
9
N
d
A
by
SA
th
C
e
re
US
at
SR
ed
Ha
w
ai
i&
A
la
sk
U2
a
be
In
ci
co
de
m
nt
e
Timeline
1953
8a
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
Korean War ends
CIA support in Iran leads to
the overthrow of the
government
USSR tests its first hydrogen
bomb
“Atoms for Peace”
speech given
CIA support in Guatemala
leads a coup d’état
The US joins SEATO
The US signs a MutualDefense Pact with Taiwan
US Threatens the Use of
Nuclear Weapons against
China in the event of war
Israel, Britain and France
Attack Egypt over the
protests of the US
Eisenhower Doctrine for the
Middle East issued
Sputnik Launched
US Troops ordered to
Lebanon
Fidel Castro takes power in
Cuba
USSR shoots down a U2 Spy
plane
US severs diplomatic
relations with Cuba
1955
8b-8c
1957
•
•
•
•
1961
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
1959
Refugee Act of 1953
passed
Army-McCarthy
hearings (1954)
Federal Highway
Act (1956) passed
Alaska and Hawaii
become States
Farewell Address
warns of the Military
Industrial Complex
Economic
•
•
•
The Social Security
Act extends benefits
The US Experiences
two Recessions
NASA is created
and the US joins the
Space Race
Social
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Brown v. Topeka
Board of Education
Decision issued
Brown II orders the
desegregation of
public schools
Supreme Court
orders the
desegregation of
the University of
Alabama
The Interstate
Commerce
Commission bans
segregation on
Interstate buses and
trains
Rosa Parks is
arrested
Montgomery Bus
Boycott
Browder v. Gayle
declares bus
segregation
Unconstitutional
Salk Polio vaccine
becomes available
Civil Rights Act of
1957 passed
Little Rock Nine
Civil Rights Act of
1960 becomes law
Page 3
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John F. Kennedy (1961 - 1963)
1961
8a
•
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
Yuri Gagarin becomes the
First Man in space
CIA supported invasion of
Cuba fails (Bay of Pigs)
First Berlin wall goes up
Cuban Missile Crisis
Kennedy delivers his “Ich
bin ein Berliner” Speech
Limited Nuclear Test-Ban
Treaty passed
ed
ris
i
s
ch
C
un
iss
ile
La
7
M
p
C
ub
an
nd
sh
i
1962
8b-8c
1963
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
Fr
ie
Vo
lst
Ba ok
y 1L
of a
Pi un
gs c
Fr
ee
In he
do
va d
sio
m
1s
n
7
tB
La
er
un
lin
ch
W
ed
al
l is
Bu
ilt
Timeline
Gideon v.
Wainwright
establishes the rule
that the Accused
must be provided
legal counsel if they
cannot afford It
Economic
•
Proposed tax cuts,
the creation of
Medicare and an
increased
investment in public
education as part of
his New Frontier
programs
Social
•
•
•
•
•
•
®SAISD Social Studies Department
CORE Freedom
Rides begin
Supreme Court bans
segregation in
transportation
facilities
U.S. Supreme Court
orders the University
of Mississippi to
admit J.H. Meredith
March on
Washington for Civil
Rights legislation
Alan Shepard Jr.
becomes the First
American in space
John Glenn
becomes the first
American to orbit
the Earth
Page 4
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Lyndon B. Johnson (1963 - 1969)
G
e
Th
24
th
A
m
en
dm
r
e
M
e
th ar at
e tin So nt P
N L c
a
o
i
M be uth ety sse
al
e
l
A d
U. co Pear Kin nn
l
S. m
ce g ou
Vo Tro X A P Jr. nc
tin op ss rize Aw ed
g s i as
ar
Ri n sin
de
gh V
M
a
d
ts iet te
ira
n
A
nd
ct am d
be
a
v
co Inc
A
m re
riz
es as
on
la e
a
w
de
Six
ci
sio
D
a
n
Te y W
tO a
M ffe r
ar n
tin siv
Lu e
th
er
Ki
ng
A
ss
as
sin
at
ed
Timeline
1963
8a
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
passed
American involvement in
Vietnam increases
Six Day War between Israel
and several Arab Nations
Tet Offensive
Brezhnev Doctrine issued
1966
8b-8c
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
•
•
•
•
1969
24th Amendment
passed
Civil Rights Act 1964
passed
Voting Rights Act
1965 passed
Miranda v. Arizona
(Miranda Rights)
Thurgood Marshall
appointed to the
Supreme Court
Economic
•
Medicare and
Medicaid are
Created
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Social
•
•
•
•
•
•
Martin Luther King,
Jr. Awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize
Malcolm X is
assassinated
March on Selma
Elementary and
Secondary
Education Act
passed
Watts Riots in LA
Martin Luther King Jr.
is assassinated
Page 5
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Richard M. Nixon (1969 - 1974)
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
SR
US
e
te
th
ixo
n
N
at
W
N
ixo
n
Vi
er
ga
sit
s
C
sit
s
Vi
ixo
n
N
Sc
an
Re
da
sig
lB
ns
eg
in
s
Be
gi
ns
ov
ec
sR
ixo
n’
N
on
nt
ag
Pe
hi
na
er
y
rs
pe
Pa
ct
A
ir
A
an
le
C
1972
8b-8c
Withdrawal from Vietnam
Normalization of relations
with the Peoples Republic
of China. (The United States
refused to recognize the
Communist government of
China since its revolution in
1949)
Establishment of détente
(lowering of tensions) with
the Soviet Union. The U.S.
and the U.S.S.R. both
agreed to limit defensive
missile systems through the
SALT agreement.
Pl
rfa
su
et
Vi
m
fro
al
w
dr
a
ith
W
1969
8a
an
ce
na
m
be
gi
ns
Timeline
1974
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
Economic
Social
• Selective Service
Reform Bill passed
• Clean Air Bill (1971)
passed
• Pentagon Papers
Released to NY Times
• EPA is created
• Watergate Scandal
• Felt the social
programs started with
Roosevelt and
expanded under the
Great Society were
inefficient and should
be dealt with on the
local level. (Revenue
Sharing)
• Nixon resigns due to
controversy
surrounding the
Watergate scandal.
• Wage-Price Controls
Bill (1971) Signed
• Emergency
Employment Act
(1971) Passed
• US Experiences an
“Energy Crisis”
• Inflation (The rise in
price of goods) rose
considerably during
the Nixon years with
measures ineffective.
• Equal Rights
Amendment was
approved by
Congress in 1972 but
was not approved by
the required 75% of
the states.
• Tinker v. Des Moines Supreme Court
determined students
had the 1st
Amendment right to
nonverbal protest.
(Wearing of black
armbands protesting
against the Vietnam
War)
• Wisconsin v. Yoder Supreme Court
determined a state
cannot mandate
compulsory school
attendance past a
certain age if it
violates the religious
practices and values
of a group/family.
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Page 6
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Gerald R. Ford (1974 - 1977)
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
• In response to the United
States supporting Israel
during the 1973 conflict
between Israel and Arab
Nations, the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) placed an
embargo of oil on the U.S.
and Western European
nations. The embargo
caused a steep rise in price
for petroleum products.
• The United States with the
Soviet Union and many of
the European nations
agreed to post World War II
borders.
• U.S. involvement in Vietnam
ended.
ra
lC
el
eb
rm
at
io
n
Bi
Sa
ig
ce
on
nt
e
Fa
nn
lls
ia
fo
ce
m
do
ee
Fr
1974
8a
In
of
no
an
is
IN
W
Fo
rd
Pa
rd
o
ns
un
N
ixo
d
n
A
tio
ct
n
Pa
ss
ed
Timeline
1975
8b-8c
1977
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
Economic
Social
• One of the first
actions Ford took as
President was to
pardon, excuse of
wrongdoing, Nixon for
all crimes he may
have committed.
• Inflation during the
Nixon years became
Stagflation, rising
prices and high
unemployment. Ford
countered the
problem by starting
the Whip Inflation
Now (WIN) program
to inspire Americans
to reduce spending
and consumption.
• Ford issues
Proclamation 4313
providing those who
left the U.S. to avoid
the draft a
conditional pardon.
• Signed the Education
for All Handicapped
Children Act of 1975,
establishing special
education programs
nationwide.
®SAISD Social Studies Department
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James E. Carter (1977-1981)
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
Treaty with Panama
returning control of all
adjoining land to the canal
back to Panama with full
control of the canal to be
completed by 1999.
Camp David Accords
(1977) occurred. The
agreement between Israel
and Egypt in which Israel
agreed to return land back
to Egypt in exchange for
diplomatic relations
between the two nations.
Foreign policy shifts from
Anti-Communism to
humanitarian
Tensions increased
between the U.S. and the
U.S.S.R. when the Soviet
Union invaded Afghanistan
in 1979.
During the years 1978-1979,
Iran was experiencing
growing protests against
the ruler of Iran. By January
of 1979, the Shah fled Iran
and his government
collapsed. By mid-February
of that year, Iran’s
government moved from a
monarchy to a theocracy.
In October of 1979, the
former ruler of Iran was
admitted to the United
States for cancer
treatment. In response, a
large group of university
students took over the
American Embassy taking
52 Americans as hostage
for 444 days.
ns
gi
ris
is
e
st
ag
fid
Ho
on
Ira
ni
an
fC
so
ris
i
C
C
ce
en
ll D
ip
fu
n
ve
gi
na
hi
C
Sp
m
lo
ds
or
cc
A
id
av
D
p
am
C
1979
8b-8c
1981
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
Be
ic
at
y
lic
Po
gn
Fo
re
i
hi
fts
rS
te
ar
C
1977
8a
ee
ch
Ri
gh
ts
Timeline
To combat the lower
amounts of
imported oil, Carter
created the
Department of
Energy as a cabinet
position to regulate
sources for energy.
Economic
•
•
Stagflation
continued
Energy Crisis
continued
Social
•
•
•
•
•
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Legislation to
provide bilingual
education was
passed by
Congress.
The Community
Reinvestment Act of
1977 required banks
to make credit
available for loans
for those living in
low-income
communities.
Nuclear plant
accident at Three
Mile Island caused
the creation of the
Nuclear Regulatory
Commission to
regulate the use of
nuclear energy in
the U.S.
Carter declared a
federal emergency
in Love Canal, New
York evacuating 800
families when it was
discovered homes
were build over a
toxic waste dump.
In response to the
Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan, Carter
boycotted the 1980
Summer Olympics.
Page 8
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Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
US
h
Sa os
nd ta
ra ge
D cr
ay isi
O s en
’ d
C s
on
SD
no
I In
r
i
t
Re ia
t
ce ive
ss
io inc
n
r
of ea
th ses
e
70 ten
s e sio
Su
nd ns
m
s
m
it
m
ee
tin
g
he
ld
w
ith
th
Ira
e
US
nC
SR
on
Te
tra
ar
Sc
D
an
ow
da
n
Th
lB
is
eg
W
in
al
s
lS
pe
ec
h
Timeline
1981
8a
•
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
American troops stationed
in Lebanon were attacked
by a suicide truck bomber,
killing 241 and wounding
more than 60. All American
troops were withdrawn four
months later.
October 1983, American
troops invaded Grenada
based on an appeal from
the Organization of Eastern
Caribbean States.
America’s policy of
détente towards the Soviet
Union changed to the
Reagan Doctrine. The
doctrine enforced the idea
of no longer containing
communism, but rolling
back Soviet-backed
communist governments in
Latin America, Africa and
Asia.
“Tear Down This Wall”
speech given in Berlin.
Reagan increased tensions
with the Soviet Union with
the SDI project that, when
proposed, would set a
laser-guided shield
protecting the United
States from nuclear attack.
In retaliation to a terrorist
incident where 63
American military personnel
were killed, Libya was
attacked through a series
of air strikes by the United
States.
1985
8b-8c
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
•
1989
The Iran-Contra
scandal involved
the selling of
weapons to Iran to
gain money to
support the Contras
(Anti-Communists) in
Nicaragua. The
exchange of
weapons for money
was previously
outlawed by
Congress. Although
the President was
not connected to
the scandal, 14
indictments on
Reagan’s staff
occurred.
Reagan nominated
Sandra Day
O’Connor to the
Supreme Court
Economic
•
•
•
•
Reaganomics - To
address the
stagnation, Reagan
proposed tax cuts
for the wealthy, tax
cuts on businesses,
and less spending
on welfare
programs.
Lowered the
amount of
government
regulation on
businesses and
corporations.
13,000 striking
aircraft control
operators were
terminated
Increase spending
on military occurred
while Reagan was
president as part of
his “Peace Through
Strength” beliefs.
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Social
•
Loss of domestic
jobs due to growing
outsourcing of jobs.
(Rust Belt)
Page 9
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George H.W. Bush (1989-1993)
1989
8a
•
•
•
•
•
Foreign
Policies / Issues / Events
Invasion of Panama (1989)
to overthrow the dictator
Manuel Noriega and
restore the democraticallyelected government of
that nation. Noriega was
brought back to the U.S.
and placed on trial for drug
charges.
The Gulf War (1990) - The
United States invaded Iraqicontrolled Kuwait to push
back Iraqi troops out of that
nation. The invasion and
push-back lasted several
days.
The collapse of the Berlin
Wall and then the Soviet
Union occurred early in
Bush’s term.
The fall of the Berlin Wall in
November 1989 signaled
the downfall of the Soviet
Union in 1991.
The North American Free
Trade Agreement with the
US, Mexico, and Canada is
signed in 1992
ia
al
m
So
in
ps
1993
Domestic Policies / Issues / Events
Political
•
Tr
oo
1991
8b-8c
•
US
Be
Sa
vi
ng
sa
nd
Lo
rlin
an
Pa W
na a
Ba
m ll F
ilo
a
a l
ut
In ls
va
sio
A
n
m
er
G ica
er
m ns
US an W
Tr y R ith D
oo e
ps un isab
in ite ilit
Pe
ie
Sa s
rsi
sA
ud
an
ct
iA
G
ul
ra
fW
bi
a
ar
US
G
SR
ro
w
D
s
iss
ol
ve
s
Timeline
Restarted the space
program with the
initiative to
complete the Space
Station Freedom.
American with
Disabilities Act
(1990) signed into
law
Economic
•
•
United States faced
another recession
by 1990.
Savings and Loans
began to go
bankrupt causing a
panic. Government
heightened
restrictions on S&Ls
and provided $50
billion for a “bailout”.
®SAISD Social Studies Department
Social
•
The Americans with
Disabilities Act
(1990) was signed
that prohibited
discrimination
against those with
disabilities in areas
of employment and
in public
accommodations.
Page 10
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