Download Governance

PA 395-Energy Policy
Gary Flomenhoft
GOVERNANCE
Environmental Movement 1960-1980
“Pluralism in Policy-Making”
Bottom-up not top-down
Deep seated changes in the use of nature
Breadth of constituency
Methods: lobbying, litigation, media, electoral
politics, civil disobedience
Issue networks, policy communities
Environmental laws
National Environmental laws
Global Environmental Efforts
Global Environmental Efforts
Speth’s 8-fold path
1) Stable or smaller world population
2) Free of mass poverty
3) Environmentally benign technologies
4) Environmentally honest prices
5) Sustainable consumption
6) Knowledge and Learning
7) Governance
8) Public attitudes and motivation
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
1970 Domestic
Agenda
Understandable
science
Highly visible
impacts
Current problem
1980 Global Agenda
Us/here
them/there
Acute
chronic
complex science
remote or difficult to
perceive
future problem
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
DOMESTIC
INTERNATIONAL
Majority Rules
Shared political culture:
parties, committees,
staffs, public input
Shared national interest
Congress decides, end of
story unless veto.
Vast staff and policy
briefings
Open to the public
100% consensus
Diplomats
Diverse interests
Treaties must be ratified
by national govts
Shortage of staff, lack of
expertise by negotiators
Closed discussions
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
UNEP, ECOSOC comm on Sust. Dev,
convention bodies are among the weakest
FDA,
FTC
FTC,
FDA
regulatory
regulatory
agencies
agencywith
with
broad
powers
broad
powers
Command and
control
Montreal protocol
Targets without
ratification on 2/3
vote
International
treaties
consensus
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Necessary conditions of governance
Peace and stability
Favorable economy, absence of crisis
Open democratic society,
independant, effective media
High level and active NGOs
Presence of rule of law and culture
of compliance wiht intl law
Human and institutional capacities
in government to participate
meaningfully
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Political fault lines
Environment vs. Economy
North vs. South
United States vs. the World
2002-Rio Two in Jo-berg 25 right-wing think-tanks:
“The least important global environmental issue is
potential global warming, and we hope that your
negotiators at Jo-Berg can keep it off the table and
out of the spotlight.”
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Conservation threatens:
Pro-market anti-government ideology
Major governmental response needed
Interference with the market
Rethinking utopian materialism
pushing unlimited economic
expansion
Denial: Lomborg, Simon, etc.
Origins of the environmental crisis?
Adam Smith
Rivalness and Excludability
• Non-rival
– My use does not leave less for you
to use
– Market sells for a price,
discouraging use, but social cost of
use = 0, therefore market should not
supply
• Non-excludable
– One person can’t keep another from
using the good
– Consumer will not pay, market will
not supply
Must have a price to work in the free market!
Rival}
Excludable
Non-Excludable
Market Good:
land, timber, fish once
captured, farmed fish,
Open Access Regime:
(misnamed: Tragedy of the
commons)
Oceanic fisheries, timber
etc. from unprotected
forests, waste absorption
capacity, roads (congestible)
Potential market good
Non-rival} (Tragedy of the
“non-commons”)
but inefficient:
patented information,
Pond
Pure Public Good:
climate stability, ozone
layer, clean air/water/land,
Biodiversity, information,
habitat, life support
functions, etc.
“Golden Rule of Publicly held companies:
“Maximization of Shareholder Value”
Rational behavior:
Externalize costs
Influence politics to
Seek subsidies and favors
Marginal disutility
Cost of regulations-OMB report
Annual Cost: $37-43 billion
EPA conservative approach, Consistently
overestimates costs, not considering least
cost approach and technical innovation
Annual Benefits: $121-193
EPA consistently underestimates benefits
USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL
CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS
5:1
Full World or Empty World?
Source:
Ecological
Economics
Principles &
Applications,
Farley and
Daly
ESA Listings and GDP
1400
$10
1200
$9
1000
$8
800
$7
600
$6
400
$5
R2 = 98.4
200
0
1973
$4
$3
1980
1990
2001
Source: The Wildlife Society Technical Review 2003-1.
Grow out of poverty?
Poverty rate vs. GDP per Capita (1996$)
$35,000
20%
18%
$30,000
16%
$25,000
14%
$20,000
12%
$15,000
10%
8%
1
9
5
9
1
9
6
1
1
9
6
3
1
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6
5
1
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6
7
1
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1
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3
1
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1
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7
1
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9
1
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8
1
1
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8
3
1
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8
5
1
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3
1
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5
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
1
$10,000
per capita GDP (1996$)
poverty rate
Full World or Empty World?
film
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Difference in conditions of governance for International agreements
CFCs
CO2
Absolute proof
No conclusive proof
Small % of DuPont's business
Huge $ impact on every sector of
economy
Only affected a few companies
Effects thousands of companies
Relatively small-scale change
Huge scale of change
Easy alternatives
Difficult alternatives
NASA support=minimal political risk
NASA support not good enough
Under Reagan 1987 Montreal Protocol
and Bush 1990 Clean Air Act
Ideologies hardened
Level of Perceived Threat?
Scale of people affected is greater
Scale of issue is greater
Lack of incentives
Lack of enforcement power
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Why has international legislation
worked at all?
Government Leadership
NGO pressure
International “bridging” institutions:
Environmental groups and civil
society
Multi-natl corps.??
International science
UN
Multilateral development banks
Other multi-lateral institutions
Good Governance. Ch9
World Business Council for Sustainable Dev.
FROG-first raise our growth
GEOpolity-intl env law
JAZZ-unscripted, volulntary initiatives,
decentralized andd improvisational
Good conduct enforced by public opinion and
consumer decisions.
Business sees advantage in doing right thing
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-External
Transition to capable, accountable, and
democratic governments
Development in poorer regions
Compacts between North and South
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal
International principles (Rio Principles)
Fundamental human rights
Common concern
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Duty not to cause environmental harm
Integration
Polluter pays
Precautionary principle
Public participation
Right to development
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal
Decision-making process improvements:
1) Binding regulatory power
2) Compel action through intl court
3) WEO
1) International body for environmental ministers
2) Promote Intl Law
3) Watchdog, ombudsman, catalyst
4) Global monitoring
5) Develop consensus on goals, mobilize finanacing,
and launch campaigns
6) Assess and report on natl& intl progress
7) Coordinate& sponsor science
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal
Norms for globalization
Public access
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal
Montreal protocol won because (Grundmann):
Defined the problem on their own terms
Enforced the preautionary principle
Focussing event
Better network and hustle than opposition
NRDC expoited Hodel’s comment about “more
hats”
Policy advisors from: NRDC, WRI, EPA, UNEP
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal
Susskind:
Formal recognition of NGOs
Amnesty Intl for global environment
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
Environmental groups
Consumer Groups
NGOs
Business
State & local Govt.
Foundations
Religious groups
investors
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-State & local level
Smart growth
Sustainable cities
Greenplans
State climate protection initiatives
State regulatory approaches (Renewable
portfolio standards)
State green purchasing
Environmental building codes
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
Product certification
US toxics release invenory
“Right to know”
Third-party auditing
Market creation
Boycotts/buycotts
internet
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
WWF= $340 million
NC and CI protection
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
NGOs:30,000 international
World Social Forum
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-Business and investors
Business GHG initiatives
Green power marketing group
Lumber stores selling FSA certified wood
Unilever-fish certification
Social investment
Sustainability Reports
Business strategic planning
Ecolabeling
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-How to encourage:
Information-internet access & connectivity
Govt disclosures
Improve Ecolabeling-life cycle product
biographies
Corporate compliance with global reporting
initiative
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-How to encourage:
Governments:
Change tax laws to encourage citizen activity
in Jazz
Public-private partnerships
Green Purchasing
Media recognition
Foundations link isolated actors
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-How to encourage
Personal:
Drive hybrid vehicles
Eat certified seafood
Become active in env. Cons. Causes
LCV voting guide
Escape enthrallment of utopian materialism
Consumer demand for green products
Good Governance. Ch9
Fusion of JAZZ an GEOpolity
Global issue networks
Voluntary partnerships:
Public-private and other partnerships for
sustainable development
Example: HOT SPOTS-CI
Think BIG even if you are small:
The world might respond!
But piecemeal approach won’t work-need to
address the global issues
Interest Groups and Social Movements
Interest Group: “Organized body of individuals who
share some goals and who try to influence public
policy.” -Berry
“Any group that, on the basis of one or more shared
attitudes, makes certain claims upon other groups in
society for the establishment, maintenance, or
enhancement of other forms of behavior that are
implied by the shared attitudes.”-Truman
“Advance the the common interests of groups of
individuals.”-Olson
Organizations which seek incremental changes in laws,
regulations, or judicial decision through institutional
means. McAdam
Interest Groups and Social Movements
Social Movement: tactics, non-incremental
“A process in which people seek a better world by
means of collective action which, with the proper mix
of circumstances, can challenge the existing social
order.”-Boggs
an attempt to change existing relations of authority
between groups of people, or to change the
fundamental values on which the social system is
based.- Rochon
Those organized efforts, on the part of excluded groups,
to promote or resist changes in the structure of society
that involve recourse to non-institutionalized forms of
political participation (c.d. and direct action).”McAdam
Interest Groups and Social Movements
Choice of means:
Assess the Structural arrangements of the Political
system to determine likelihood of access and
policy success.
Structural arrangements of political process may
determine choice of means.
Theories of Interest Groups: Ingram, Colnic, Mann
1) Rational Actor Thesis: Mancur Olsen. Groups are most likely
to form and to maintain themselves in direct proportion to their
ability to offer selective benefits to their members. Salisbury:
Entrepeneurs concerned with ensuring group maintenance
(and their own employment through staff position) rather than
impacting policy outcomes.
2) Holistic: Paehlke, Gottlieb, Fitzsimmons. Transformation of
fragmented narrow, particularlistic lobbies into a broad-scale
social movement that would change the nature of American
politics.
3) Pluralist: Fragmented, piecemeal. Group membership
motivated by idealogical appeals, concerns over public policy,
and successful mobilization. Influencing policy dependent
upon effective leadership, the emplyment of appropriate
strategies, and forging of coalitions to alter the distribution of
power within the political system.
Theories of Environmental Change-Flo
Eco-illogical cycle