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INDUSTRY ON THE MOVE OBJ: TO EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR CHANGING DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY AROUND THE WORLD CHANGING US MANUFACTURING SHIFTING SITE FACTORS: LAND LABOR & CAPITAL • • • • • • • • • • FROM NORTHEAST TO SOUTH SOUTH TRADITIONALLY POOR GOVERNMENT POLICIES TO EASE DISPARITY INFRASTRUCTURE TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY POST WWII A/C & DEVELOPMENT RIGHT TO WORK LAWS: REQUIRE FACTORIES TO MAINTAIN AN “OPEN SHOP” & PROHIBITS A “CLOSED SHOP” CAN’T FORCE WORKERS TO PAY UNION DUES OR JOIN UNION NATURAL RESOURCES GULF COAST LOW COST LABOR: TEXTILES FROM NEW ENGLAND TO APPALACHIA – 99% OF US HOSIERY & SOCK PRODUCERS ½ IN N.CAROLINA INTERREGIONAL SHIFTS IN EUROPE • FROM N. & W. EUROPE TO S. & E. EUROPE • GOVERNMENT POLICIES ACTIVELY ENCOURAGED MOVEMENT • EU SUBSIDIES TO ECO. DEPRESSED AREAS & WHERE INCOMES ARE LOWER THAN AVG • SPAIN NO LONGER ISOLATED • REVITALIZE TRAD’L AREAS: LIVERPOOL • CENTRAL EUROPES APPEAL LABOR & MARKET PROXIMITY NEW EMERGING INDUSTRIAL REGIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • INDUSTRY’S SHARE OF TOTAL ECO OUTPUT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES HAS DECLINED SINCE 1970’S & GROWN IN DEVELOPING SITE FACTORS: LABOR, LABOR, LABOR – LABOR INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF SOME JOBS TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES = NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR 1) OUTSOURCING – TURNING OVER MUCH OF PRODUCTION TO INDEPENDENT SUPPLIERS – OPPOSITE OF VERTICAL INTEG. NAFTA 1994: NAME SITE & SITUATION FACTORS MAQUILADORAS: PLANTS IN MEXICO NEAR THE U.S. BORDER – ASSEMBLY MOSTLY 1 MILLION JOBS IN MEXICO FEARS: LOSS OF JOBS, LAX ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS BRIC: BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA – SOME CONSIDER SOUTH AFRICA (BRICS) FUTURE OF MFG., CONTROL ¼ WORLD’S LAND, 3BILL POP., ONLY 1/6 WORLD GDP C&I: LABOR; R&B: INPUTS • • • • • • • • PROXIMITY TO SKILLED LABOR & MARKETS – SITUATION FORDIST PRODUCTION = MASS PRODUCTION & ASSEMBLY LINE: NO SKILL POST-FORDIST PRODUCTION: LEAN & FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION CHARACTERIZED BY 4 TYPES OF WORK RULES TEAMS, PROBLEM SOLVING, LEVELING, PRODUCTIVITY COMPUTER MFG REQUIRES HIGH SKILL, HIGH WAGE SPECIALTY CLOTHING STILL IN US JUST IN TIME DELIVERY: SHIPMENT OF PARTS & MATERIALS TO ARRIVE AT A FACTORY MOMENTS BEFORE THEY’RE NEEDED EXAMPLES? DISRUPTIONS? REVITALIZATION