Download SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 1. Lecture How the

European security
The EU respond to military
threats
Dr. Arūnas Molis
24 April, 2014
Tallinn
Responding organizations
 Defence Alliances:
 NATO
 EU
 CSTO
 Economic cooperation:
 EU
 RF, BLR, KZH Common Economic space
 Eurasian Union?
 Global issues:
 UN
 World Trade organization
 World Bank, International Monetary Fund
 Sectorial cooperation:
 International Atomic Energy Agency
 Energy Charter Treaty
 Gas Exporting Countries Forum
European and NATO Co-op Structures
ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) (56)
EURO-ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP COUNCIL (EAPC) (49)
Andorra
Holy See
Liechtenstein
Monaco
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANISATION (NATO) (26)
28
Canada
San Marino
Iceland
PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE (PfP) (23)
United States
Norway
Turkey
EUROPEAN UNION (EU) (27)
Cyprus
Malta
Belgium
Bulgaria
Greece
Germany
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Czech Rep
Denmark
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Estonia
Latvia
Romania
France
Lithuania
Slovakia
Austria
Albania
Moldova1
Armenia1
BosniaHerzegovina
Montenegro
Azerbaijan1
Serbia
Belarus1
Switzerland
Croatia
Tajikistan1
Georgia1
Turkmenistan1
Kazakhstan1
Ukraine1
Kyrgyzstan1
Uzbekistan1
Russia1
Finland
Slovenia
Spain
Ireland
Sweden
United Kingdom
FYROM*
Istanbul Cooperation
Initiative (ICI) (4)
Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) (7)
Algeria
Israel
Mauritania
Egypt
Jordan
Morocco
Tunisia
Membership Action Plan + PARP (3)
PARP (13)
Contact Countries
contributing to NATO ops
Bahrain
Qatar
Argentina
Mongolia
Kuwait
UAE
Australia
New Zealand
EU Aspirants (1)
1
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Member (12)
* Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name
As of 03/01/2007
NATO
 Enlargement towards Balkans
 Discussions around the new NATO
Strategic concept
 Return of France to NATO
 Stuck in Afghanistan
 Global partnerships?
 New tasks
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FziXbYrmAdk
EU in the world
 EU and its member states have largest diplomatic
network in the world


More than 40,000 officials work in the foreign ministries of the 27
member states, across some 1,500 diplomatic missions
European Commission has a network of over 120 delegations.
 No doubts about the EU potential:




size of the EU’s economy
the attractiveness of its consumer market
role as a pre-eminent provider of foreign aid
considerable military capabilities
 EU enjoys unrivalled legitimacy

A 2007 ECFR/Gallup poll based on interviews with 57,000 people
from 52 countries found greater support for an enlarged global
role for the EU than for any other world power
EU priority areas
A set of EU policies





Common commercial policy
Development cooperation
Responding to humanitarian crises
Common foreign and security policy
External dimension of EU policies
Enlargement…
Common Security and Defence Policy
 Common European security policy:
 European Security Strategy
 An Initial Long-term Vision For European Defence
Capability And Capacity Needs
 Intergovernmental and supranational
structures:
 Political and diplomatic institutions
 Crisis management capabilities
 Common crisis management operations
(CMO):
 Civilian CMO
 Military CMO
EU involvement in
crises management
Civilian involvement
Police
of Law
Civilian Administration
Civil Protection
Monitoring
Support to EUSR
Civilian Response Teams
Military involvement

separation of parties by
force

stabilisation, reconstruction
and military advice to third
countries

conflict prevention

evacuation

assistance to humanitarian
operations
Rule
EU missions and operations
 Civilian: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIX8sakuxMY
 Military:
 C. Ashton on the missions:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6wHUErJbKw
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/eeas/security-defence?lang=en
Example: EU in the Balkans

EUSR for BiH and FYROM

Legal instruments (visa bans, freezing of funds, support for peaceful
separation)

ESDP operations (EU police mission in BiH, Concordia, Proxima,
EUFOR-Althea)

Trade concessions, economic and financial assistance

Conditionality principle and negotiations on SAA with Albania,
BiH, Montenegro, Serbia:


Commitment to good neighborly relations and readiness to engage in
cross-border cooperation;

Compliance with obligations under various peace agreements and with
the ICTY in The Hague

Commitments on protecting minorities and facilitating the return of
displaced people
Contractual relationship through the SAA (accession negotiations
with Croatia, FYROM):

Creation of free trade area;

Approximation of the EU acquis

Political dialogue

Cooperation in security and justice affairs
Recent changes in the EU
 Ratification of the Lisbon treaty





CSDP: 25 articles out of 62
Presidency of Council
High Representative Foreign & Security Policy
External Action Service
Permanent Structured Cooperation
 New crises management operations
 New impetus for climate change policy
After Lisbon Treaty was adopted..
 Solidarity clause
 Binds all MS to provide aid and assistance “by all
means in their power” in the event of another MS
becoming a victim of a terrorist attack, natural or
man-made disaster
 Mutual defence clause
 Binds all MS to provide aid and assistance “by all
means in their power” in the event of another MS
becoming a victim of armed aggression
 Quicker access to budget
 Greater involvement of the Commission’s controlled
€8 billion budget for external activities
Challenges
Spending on defence is not sufficient
 Defense budgets as % of GDP has fallen in the last ten years
from 1.8% of GDP in 1998 to 1.4% of GDP in 2008.
 4 countries provide roughly 70% of EU defence spending – the
UK and France (43 %) and Germany and Italy
 Add the Dutch and Spanish defence budgets to the four bigger
countries, and those six account for around 80 % of EU
spending
 Add in Greece, Poland, Sweden and Belgium and only ten
countries account for 90 % of EU defence spending
 Even if the other 17 EU countries re-programme their defence
spending and focus on ‘niche’ activities, overall EU figures will
depend on the largest and richest EU countries
Polarization of the EU on security
matters
 Euro-atlantists: support for US, sceptical
about military dimension, focus on EU
eastern neighborhood
 Euro-continentalists: consolidation of EU
“hard” power, focus on Africa, enhanced
cooperation
 Non-aligned countries: focus on “soft”
security, non-involvement in operations
Split of the Western world
For instance, split over Russia. Is Russia:
 Recognized actor of G8?
 Equal partner in pan-European security treaty?
 Reliable partner in peace support operations?
 Reliable energy supplier?
 Friendly, law-abiding, democratic neighbor?
Different nations, different answers!
Defend RF
interests
RUSSIA
Trojan Horses
“Special” relationship
Cyprus, Greece
Strategic partners
Close
relationship
France, Germany, Italy, Spain
Friendly pragmatists
Focus on
business
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Finland, Hungary, Luxemburg,
Malta, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia
Frosty pragmatists
Hostile
relationship
Czech Rep., Denmark, Estonia,
Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands,
Romania, Sweden, UK
New Cold Warriors
Lithuania, Poland
Source: ECFR, “A power Audit of EU-Russia relations”
Recent changes in the EU
 Ratification of the Lisbon treaty





CSDP: 25 articles out of 62
Presidency of Council
High Representative Foreign & Security Policy
External Action Service
Permanent Structured Cooperation
 New crises management operations
 New impetus for climate change policy