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Training Workshop
Environment Statistics Concepts and
Frameworks Providing the Foundation for
Official Environment Statistics of Qatar
Doha, Qatar
23-25 September, 2012
Core Set of Environment and Sustainable Development
Indicators For the Arab Region
Adel Farid Abdel-Kader
Regional Coordinator- West Asia
Early Warning and Assessment
UNEP
Introduction
Knowledge gained from data is fundamental to
our understanding of environmental issues as
well as for communicating information to
policy makers and other groups in society.
However, without good quality, relevant data
and indicators, the assessment loses not only
valuable communication tools, but also
credibility and the ability to measure progress
towards sustainability goals and objectives.
Data and Indicators
• Data are neutral facts.
Maps
Why Measure?
Societies measure what
they care about on the
basis that:
If you can't measure it,
you can't manage it !!
Tables
Pictures
Images
Videos
Graphs
A Framework for Data Flows
EDB
Economic
Development
Board
National
Planning
Development
Strategies
Continuum from Data to Indices:
From narrow to broad views
Increasing
Synoptics and
Integration
Composite
Indices
Simple Indices
Indicators Profiles
Disaggregated Indicators
Integrated Databases
Disaggregated Data + Statistics
Total Quantity of Information
What are the relevant issues?
• Desertification
• Water resources
management
• Climate change
• Quality of the urban
environment
• Eutrophication
• Fish resources
decline
• Toxic contamination
• Oil resources
• Disposal of waste
• Depletion of the
ozone layer
• Loss of Biodiversity
In this session…
• Types of data
• Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Spatial data
• Non-spatial data
Prioritize the issues
Criteria for Issue Selection
Urgency & immediate impact
Irreversibility
Effects on human health
Effects on economic productivity
Number of people affected
Loss of aesthetic values
Impacts on cultural and historical heritages
Theme
& Issue
Monitoring and Data Collection of
Environmental Trends and Conditions
• Monitoring provides tangible information
on a regular basis over an extended
period of time about past and present
conditions of the environment.
• Monitoring can be used to evaluate the
performance and effectiveness of policies
implemented and actions taken.
1 February to 11 March 2006
Data Collection Steps
1) Develop a plan for data collection,
considering,
a. What type of data is needed?
b. What data needs are higher priority?
c. What are the criteria for data collected,
including quality and cost?
2) Survey data availability for the different
components of your assessment.
Steps for Data Collection
and Compilation
Source: UNEP/DEIA, Rump, P.C. (1996). State of the
Environment Reporting: Source Book of Methods and
Approaches. UNEP/DEIA/TR.96-1, UNEP, Nairobi.
Environmental Indicators
Environmental Indicators
• Indicator: A Parameter, or a Value Derived
from parameters, Which Points to, Provides
Information About, Describes the State of
Environment with Significance Extending
Beyond that Directly Associated with a
Parameter value.
• Parameter: A property
or Observed.
That Is Measured
What is indicator?
• The term indicator comes from the Latin indicate,
which means to point out. Indicator could also be
defined as a parameter, or a value derived from
parameters, which points to, provides information
about, and describes the state of a phenomenon/
environment/ area.
• Environmental indicators : are scientific
measurements that track environmental conditions
over time.
• An indicator is something that helps you
understand where you are, which way you are
going and how far you are from where you want
to be.
Descriptive and performance
indicators
• Descriptive indicators show trends in
degradation or improvement of a situation.
• Performance indicators show not only
trends but distance to some threshold or
goal associated with a time schedule, set
by environmental policy.
General criteria for the selection of
environmental indicators
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sensitive
Policy relevant and acceptable
Measurability
Simplicity
Reliability
Validity
Predictability
Time – series data
Indicators should be SMART
specific,
measurable,
achievable,
relevant
and time-bound
Theme/Sub-theme Framework
• The rationale for the theme framework
is to better assist national policy
decision-making and performance
measurement.
Themes For Our Meeting
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Theme 1: Poverty
Theme 2: Governance
Theme 3: Health
Theme 4: Education
Theme 5: Demographics
Theme 6: Peace and Security
Theme 7: Atmosphere
Theme 8: Agriculture/Land
Theme 9: Coastal and Marine Environment
Theme 10: Water
Theme 11: Biodiversity
Theme 12: Economic Development
Theme 13: Global Partnership
Theme 14: Consumption and Production Patterns
DPSIR Framework
• Driver – Pressure – State – Impact Response
• Shows relationships between human
activity and ecosystem well-being and is
used for GEO - 4.
HUMAN SOCIETY
DRIVERS
PRESSURES
Step 1
Indirect influence
through human
development
IMPACTS
Step 1
Direct influence
through human
interventions
Sectors:
Step 2
Human wellbeing
RESPONSES
Step 3
Mitigation and adaptation
Economic,
Social
Goods &
Services
Human
influences:
Ecosystem
Services
Natural processes:
STATE and TRENDS
Step 1
Water, land, atmosphere,
biodiversity
ENVIRONMENT
Step 1
What is happening to the environment and why?
Step 2
What are the consequences for the environment and humanity?
Step 3
What is being done and how effective is it?
DPSIR Framework
• Driver – Pressure – State – Impact Response
• Shows relationships between human
activity and ecosystem well-being.
HUMAN SOCIETY
DRIVERS
COASTAL AND
MARINE
WATER
Step 1
Energy Demand
PRESSURES
IMPACTS
Step 1
Direct influence
through human
interventions
Petroleum / Oil
and Gas
Step 2
Wellbeing
RESPONSES
- Health
- Recreation
- Tourism
- Fisheries
Step 3
Oil spill clean up
Oil tanker technology
incentives
Services
- Clean water
- Biodiversity
Oil spills
Contamination
Toxic effects
Smothering
STATE and TRENDS
Step 1
Coastal water quality
declining.
ENVIRONMENT
Step 1
What is happening to the environment and why?
Step 2
What are the consequences for the environment and humanity?
Step 3
What is being done and how effective is it?
Indices
What are Indices?
• Consist of multiple indicators combined into a
composite or aggregated unit
• Are often used to assess and compare
performance against benchmarks or among
performers
• If using to inform policy, it is paramount that that
the indicators are well constructed and
accurately interpreted
Data Analysis
• Non-spatial data analysis
• Spatial data analysis
• Linkages to Module 7 on physical
presentation of data
Prioritize the issues
Criteria for Issue Selection
Urgency & immediate impact
Irreversibility
Effects on human health
Effects on economic productivity
Number of people affected
Loss of aesthetic values
Impacts on cultural and historical heritages
Theme
& Issue
Steps of Environment & Development
Indicators
•
Identifying priority environment and development issues;
•
Prioritizing the issues relevant to different sectors and
media;
•
Identifying indicators needed;
• Identifying data available and data gaps relevant to
these issues;
•
Identifying responsible institutions for data that is
available;
•
Assessing the possibilities of generating data, where
and when needed, to fulfill data gaps;
• Identifying tentative list of indicators relevant to your
issue;
• Collecting data and calculating indicators.
Themes for the Core Set
• Theme 1: Poverty
• Theme 2: Governance
• Theme 3: Health
• Theme 4: Education
• Theme 5: Demographics
• Theme 6: Peace and Security
• Theme 7: Atmosphere
Themes for the Core Set
• Theme 8: Agriculture/Land
• Theme 9: Coastal and Marine Environment
• Theme 10: Water
• Theme 11: Biodiversity
• Theme 12: Economic Development
• Theme 13: Global Partnership
• Theme 14: Consumption and Production
Patterns
Theme
No. SubThemes
No. of Indicators
1. Poverty
6
8
2. Governance
2
2
3. Health
4
11
4. Education
2
5
5. Demographics
2
5
6. Peace and Security
1
2
7. Atmosphere
2
3
Theme
No. Sub-Themes
No. of
Indicators
6
3
8. Agriculture/Land
9. Coastal and Marine
Environment
10. Water
11. Biodiversity
3
2
5
3
5
5
12. Economic
Development
13. Global Partnership
5
13
2
5
14. Consumption and
Production Patterns
4
12
Total
43
85
Theme 1: Poverty issues and indicators
Theme 1: Poverty
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Income Poverty
Income Poverty
proportion of population
living below national poverty line - core
indicator
percent of population living
below national poverty line
proportion of population below $1
a day
proportion of population below
international poverty line ($1 or $2
Income Inequality
Income Inequality
ratio of share in national income
of highest to lowest quintile
ratio of share in national income
of highest to lowest quintile
Sanitation
Sanitation
proportion of population using
an improved sanitation facility
proportion of population with
access to improved sanitation, urban
and rural
Theme: Poverty issues and indicators
(continued)
Drinking Water
Drinking Water
Proportion of population using
an improved water source
Proportion of population with
access to safe drinking water
Access to Energy
Access to Energy
Share of households without
electricity or other modern energy
services
Share of households without
access to electricity or commercial
energy
Living Conditions
Living Conditions
Percentage of population using
solid fuels for cooking
Proportion of urban population
living in slums
Proportion of population living in
slums
Theme 2: Governance issues and indicators
Theme 2: Governance
SUBTHEME/ Issue – CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Corruption
Good Governance
Percentage of population having
paid bribes- core indicator
The proportion of cases in the
ministry of justice which action has
been taken within specific time period
of the total cases recorded during the
same period
Crime
Crime
Number of intentional homicides
per 100,000 population- core
Number of recorded violent crimes
and homicides per 100,000
population
Theme 3: Health issues and indicators
Theme 3: Health
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Mortality
Mortality
Under-five mortality rate core indicator
Mortality rate under 5 year old
Life expectancy at birth- core
Life expectancy at birth
Healthy life expectancy at birth
Healthy life years expectancies
Health Care Delivery
Health Care Delivery
Percent of population with
access to primary health care
facilities (core)
Percent of population with
access to primary health care
facilities (core)
Immunization against infectious
childhood diseases (core)
Immunization against infectious
childhood diseases
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Contraceptive prevalence rate
Theme: Health issues and indicators
(continued)
Nutritional Status
Nutritional Status
Nutritional status of children
Nutritional status of children
(percentage of underweight and
obese children)
Health Status and Risks
Health Status and Risks
Morbidity of major diseases such
Prevalence of major diseases
as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis such as HIV/AIDS, Malaria,
(core)
Tuberculosis
Prevalence of tobacco use
Smoking prevalence
Suicide rate
Prevalence of mental health
problems (suicide rates as proxy)
Theme 4: Education issues and indicators
Theme 4: Education
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Education Level
Education Level
Gross intake ratio to last grade
of primary education (core indicator)
Gross intake into last year of
primary education, by sex
Net enrolment rate in primary
education (core)
Net enrolment rate in primary
education
Adult secondary (tertiary)
schooling attainment level (core)
Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling
attainment level, by sex
Life long learning
Life long learning
Literacy
Literacy
Adult literacy rate
Adult literacy rate, by sex
Theme 5: Demographics issues and indicators
Theme 5: Demographics
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Population
Population Change
Population growth rate (core)
Population growth rate, rural and
urban
Dependency ratio (core)
Percent of rural population from
total
Total fertility rate
total fertility rate
Dependency ration (young and
old)
Tourism
Migration [to be confirmed]
Ratio of local residents to tourists
Rate of Migration from rural to
in major tourist regions and destinations urban areas [to be confirmed]
Theme 6: Natural Hazards/ Peace and Security issues
and indicators
Theme 6: Natural Hazards
Theme 6: Peace and Security
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Vulnerability to Natural Hazards
Absence of Peace and Security
Percentage of population living in
hazard prone areas (core)
Number of people displaced and
refugees due to wars
Economic and human loss due to
war, as percentage of population
and of GDP
Disaster Preparedness and
Response
Human and economic loss due
to natural disasters
Theme 7: Atmosphere issues and indicators
Theme 7: Atmosphere
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Climate Change
Climate Change
Carbon dioxide emissions (core)
Emissions of greenhouse gases
Emissions of greenhouse gases
Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone Layer Depletion
Consumption of ozone depleting
substances
Consumption of ozone depleting
substances
Air Quality
Air Quality
Ambient concentration of air
pollutants in urban areas
Ambient concentration of air
pollutants in urban areas
Theme 8: Land/ Agriculture issues and indicators
Theme 8:Land/ Agriculture
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Land Use and Status
Land Use
Land use change
Land use change
Land degradation
Desertification
Land Degradation - Desertification
Land affected by desertification
Land affected by desertification/
degradation
Vegetation cover/composition
Agriculture
Agriculture
Arable and permanent cropland
area (core)
Arable and permanent crop land area
Fertilizer use efficiency
Use of fertilizers
Use of agricultural pesticides
Use of agricultural pesticides
Area under organic farming
Theme 8: Land/ Agriculture issues and
indicators (continued)
Forest
Proportion of land area
covered by forests (core)
Percent of forest trees damaged
by defoliation
Area of forest under sustainable
forest management
Theme 9: Oceans and Marine Environment
issues and indicators
theme 9: Oceans, Seas and
Coasts
theme 9: Coastal and Marine
Environment
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Coastal Zone
Coastal Degradation
percentage of total population
living in coastal areas (core)
percent of total population living
in coastal areas
bathing water quality
annual fish catch
percentage of coastal land
reclamation
Fisheries
proportion of fish stocks within
safe biological limits
Theme: Oceans, Seas and Coasts
issues and indicators (continued)
Marine Environment
Marine Pollution
proportion of marine area
protected (core)
releases of nitrogen and
phosphorus to coastal waters
marine tropic index
area of coral reef ecosystems
and percentage live cover
Theme 10: Freshwater/ Water issues and indicators
Theme 10: Freshwater
Theme 10: Water
SUBTHEME/ Issue - CSD
SUBTHEM/ Issue - Kuwait
Water Quantity (core)
Availability of Water by Source
proportion of total water resources used
annual withdrawals of ground and surface
water as a percent of available water
water use intensity by economic activity
Water Quality
Water Demand/ Utilization of Water
Efficiency
presence of faecal coliforms in
freshwater (core)
annual utilization or withdrawals of water by
type
(agriculture domestic industrial commercial,
others demand
biochemical oxygen demand in water bodies
wastewater treatment
waste water treatment by category
(primary, secondary, tertiary) in urban areas
Theme 10: Freshwater/ Water issues and indicators
Water Pollution
BOD in Water Bodies
[to be confirmed]
Water Management
Wastewater Treatment Coverage
[to be confirmed]
Access to Water
Access to Safe Drinking Water
[to be confirmed]
Theme 12: Economic Development issues and
indicators
Theme 11: Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Degradation of Ecosystem
Abundance of key species
Abundance of Selected Key Species
Proportion of terrestrial area protected, total
and by ecological region
Protected Area as a Percent of Total Area
Area of Selected Key Ecosystems
Area of Selected Key Ecosystems
Management effectiveness of protected areas
Loss of Species
Fragmentation of habitats
Percentage of Threatened Species
Species
Alien (invasive) Species
Change in threat status of species
Number of Alien (invasive)
Species/Abundance
Abundance of invasive alien species
Theme 12: Economic Development issues and
indicators
Theme 12: Economic Development
Macroeconomic Performance
Macroeconomic Performance (new
indicator)
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
(core)
GDP per capita
investment share in GDP (core)
investment share in GDP
gross saving
net saving rate
adjusted net savings as percentage of gross
national income (GNI)
cost of environmental degradation
(optional)
inflation rate
inflation
Sustainable Pubic Finance
Sustainable Pubic Finance
debt to GNI ratio (core)
debt to GNP ratio
Employment
Employment
labor productivity and unit labor cost (core)
labor productivity by sector
share of women in wage employment in the
non-agricultural sector (core)
employment rate, disaggregated
by sex
share of women in wage employment in
the non-agricultural sector (core)
employment status, by sex
vulnerable employment
Theme 12: Economic Development issues and
indicators (continued)
Information and Communication
Technologies
Information and Communication
Technologies
internet users per 100 population (core)
internet users per 100 population
fixed telephone lines per 100 population
fixed telephone lines and cellular
subscribers per 100 population
mobile cellular telephone subscribers
per 100 population
unit labor costs
by sector
personal computer per 100 population
(could be deleted, depending on the
outcome of revision on MDG indicators)
Research and Development
gross domestic expenditure on R&D as
a percent of GDP
Tourism
Tourism
tourism contribution to GDP (core)
tourism contribution to GDP and
employment
Theme 13: Global Economic Partnership issues and
indicators
Theme 13: Global Economic Partnership
Theme 13: Global Partnership
Trade
Trade
Current account deficit as percentage of GDP
(core)
Current account deficit as percentage of GDP
Share of imports from developing
countries and from LDCs
Share of imports and exports by sector for total
GDP
Average tariff barriers imposed on
exports form developing countries and LDCs
External Financing
External Financing
Net official development assistance
(ODA) given or received as a percentage of GNI
(core)
Total official development assistance
(ODA) given or received as a percentage of GNI
Foreign direct investment (FDI) net
inflows and net outflows as percentage of GDP
Net FDI inflows and outflows as
percentage of GNI
Remittances as percentage of GNI
Remittances as percentage of
GNP (inflows and outflows)
Technology Transfer
Received assistance from developed countries &
organizations
Theme 14: Consumption and production patterns issues
and indicators
Theme 14: Consumption and production
patterns
Theme 14: Consumption and production
patterns
Material Consumption
Material Consumption
material intensity of the economy (core)
intensity of material use
domestic material consumption
annual material use per capita, total and by
sector
Energy Use
Energy Use and Production
annual energy consumption, total and by
main
user category (core)
annual (commercial) energy consumption
per capita, total and per sector
intensity of energy use, total
and by economic activity (core)
share of consumption of renewable energy
resources
share of renewable energy sources
in total energy use
intensity of energy use electricity
generation by fuel (new added indicator)
Theme 14: Consumption and production patterns issues
and indicators (continued)
Waste Generation and Management
Waste Generation and Management
generation of hazardous waste (core)
generation of waste by industry /sector
waste treatment and disposal (core)
generation of hazardous waste
generation of waste
management of radioactive
waste
management of radioactive waste
waste treatment and disposal by method of
treatment (recycled, incinerated, land filled)
Transportation
Transportation
modal split of passenger transportation
(core)
share of cars in passenger transportation
modal split of freight transport
road share of freight transport
energy intensity of transport
fuel use by distance of passenger
transportation (energy intensity of transport
METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLS
THEME: WATER
Arab Region
Subthemes:
Indicator
Availability of water by source
Annual Availability of conventional water
Definition:
Assess the conventional water which is the
freshwater resources and their availability in a country (surface water resources or
runoff and groundwater
CSD
Subthemes:
Indicator
Water Quantity
Proportion of total water resources used
Definition:
Total annual volume of groundwater and surface water withdrawn from their source
for human use; expressed as percentage of the total volume of water available
annually through the hydrological cycle (total renewable water resources). The
terms water resources and water use are understood as freshwater resources and
freshwater use.
METHODOLOGICAL DEFINITION EXAMPLS
THEME: Biodiversity
Arab Africa Regions
Subthemes:
Indicator
Degradation of Ecosystem
Area of selected key ecosystems
Definition:
This indicator will use trends in the extent area of identified key ecosystems to
assess the relative effectiveness of measures for conserving biodiversity at
ecosystem level and as a tool to estimate the need for specific conservation
measures to maintain the biological diversity in a country or region
CSD
Subthemes:
Indicator
Ecosystem
Area of selected key ecosystems
Definition:
This indicator will use trends in the extent area of identified key ecosystems to
assess the relative effectiveness of measures for conserving biodiversity at
ecosystem level and as a tool to estimate the need for specific conservation
measures to maintain the biological diversity in a country or region
METHODOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
THEME/SUBTHEME
1- INDICATOR
Name
Brief Definition
Unit of Measurement
Placement in the CSD Indicator set
2- POLICY RELEVANCE
Purpose
Relevance to Sustainable/Unsustainable Development (theme/sub-theme)
International Conventions and Agreements
International Targets/Recommended Standards
Linkages to Other Indicators
METHODOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
3- METHODOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION
Underlying Definitions and Concepts
Measurement Methods
Limitations of the Indicator
Status of Methodology
Alternative Definitions/Indicators
4- ASSESSMENT DATA
Data Needed to Compile the Indicator
National and International Data Availability and Sources
Data References
5- AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDICATOR
Lead Agency
Other Contributing Organizations
METHODOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
6- REFERENCES
Readings
Internet site
Vision
“Enable global leaders,
innovators and decision-makers to
focus on an issue critical to the
conservation of our planet ...
ensuring effective access to the
world’s expanding pool of
environmental and societal data
by all of those who need it.”
Objectives
• Eye on Earth’s (EoE)
mission is to connect
networks and people to
bridge the environmental
knowledge gap for a more
sustainable future
Special Initiatives
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eye on Water Security
Eye on Oceans & Blue Carbon
Eye on Biodiversity
Eye on Community Sustainability &
Resiliency
Eye on Disaster Management
Eye on Access for All
Eye on Environmental Education
Eye on Global Network of Networks
Bringing Science to Policy and Action
Manage Key Data
and Information
Synthesize and
Communicate
Knowledge
Policy
Analysis
Support
Decision Making
UNEP Subprogrammes
Medium-Term
Strategy 2010-13
Science Strategy
• Data networks
• Earth observations
• Analytical tools
and methods
• Indicator
development
• Access and review
of scientific
literature
• Partnerships with
science community
• Scientific
environmental
assessments and
outlooks
• Emerging issues
and hot-spots
• E-learning tools
• Science experts
and networks
• Scientific
Collaborating
Centres
• Policy relevant
outputs
• Tools for policy
analysis
• Environmental
law training
• Communicatio
n and outreach
• Policy analysis
Catalyzing and Capacity Building
Succeeding Through Strategic Partnerships
• Policy
development
• Internationa/
Regional/
National
implementatio
n
• Departments
• Government
• NGOs, IGOs
• UNDAC
ACTION
National Environmental Information Network
- Thematic and functional mix of nodes
http://www.uneplive.org/
http://geodata.grid.unep.ch
Thank you