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Development and health
What do you need to know?
By the end of the unit you should know the following:
• That development is measured by social, economic and
composite methods
• Recognise that differences in levels of development exist
between and within countries.
• Understand the reasons why these differences in
development exist.
• Understand the human and physical factors involved in
the levels of health and the incidence of disease
• Understand one water related disease
• Strategies for improving health and the control of disease
and their impact.
Development
What is development?
• Development is any improvement in the
standard of living of people within a
country.
Dividing the world
• The world can be divided up in a number of
ways. (geographically, politically, climate)
• In this unit we will look at the division due to
development stages
• There are two categories of development:
- More economically developed countries (MEDC)
- Less economically developed countries (LEDC)
MEDC
• This includes countries such as Britain, America,
Japan and many more
• These countries are seen to have a better standard
of living for their population.
• They have a developed industry base. With many
industries in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
• They have a high human development index
LEDC
• This includes countries such as brazil, Ethiopia,
Bangladesh and many more.
• They have a relatively low standard of living
• They tend to have a underdeveloped industrial
base
• They have moderate to low Human development
index.
• Often widespread poverty in the country
Measuring development
• There is a number of ways in which to
measure development.
• You can use:
- Social indicators
- Economic indicators
- Combined indicators
What are economic indicators?
• These are indicators that measure the wealth
and industrialization of a country
Economic indicators
Gross National Product (GNP)
This is the value of all goods
produced, services provided in a
country and services earned
abroad in one year.
GNP/GDP per capita = Per person
People employed in agriculture
A country where most people work
in agriculture has very little industry.
This means the wealth of the country
is limited
Energy per person
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This is the value of all goods
produced, services provided in a
country in a year.
The energy used in a country
divided by the number of people in
that country. Countries with a
higher standard of living and
industries will use more energy.
The world divided by Gross Domestic product
Notice how America and Europe dominate this map, along with Japan (yes –
that huge dark-green island on the right really is Japan), while Africa dwindles
almost to invisibility.
Problems with economic
indicators
• Wealth may not
always be evenly
spread
• Wealth does not
equate to quality of
life
• Indicators are an
average for a country
• One indicator doesn’t
give enough
information
• Wealth needs to be
taken in respect of
what can be bought for
that money.
What are social indicators?
• Social indicators show how a country uses
its wealth to improve the lives of its people.
Social indicators
Death rate
Life expectancy
Adult literacy
The number of people
who die for every 1000
people who live in the
country.
The number of
years on average
that people live.
The number of adults who
can read in every 1000 of
the population
Calories per person
Other indicators include:
The average number of
calories consumed by each
person per day.
- Protein per person per day
- Population per doctor
- Infant mortality
The world divided by child mortality
Notice how the African continent becomes inflated while the
USA shrinks.
Problems with social indicators
• One indicator does not
provide enough
information
• Indicators disguise
variations
• Indicators do not take
in to account specific
circumstances
Quick questions
• Why do you think that calories per person
per day might be misleading?
• What might death rate hide to give a
misleading figure?
Combined indicators
• There are two main combined indicators
-Physical quality of life indicator (PQLI)
- Human development index (HDI)
Physical quality of life indicator
• This is a combination of three social factors:
- Life expectancy
- Infant mortality
- Adult literacy
This gives a number from 0- 100
A PQLI of over 77 is consider good
Human development indicator
• This is a combination of social and economic
factors:
- Life expectancy
- Adult literacy
- GNP per capita
- Cost of living
- School enrolment
This produces an index from 0 – 1
A number of 0.8 or above is considered developed
The world divided by HDI
Inequalities through out he world
• The world is divided in to developed and
developing regions.
• This done my using social, economic and
combined factors to measure the level of
development.
• MEDCs and LEDCs are not all equal
• Within MEDCs some will have greater GNP
than others
• Within LEDCs infant mortality will be
higher in some than others.
Reasons for inequalities
• There are a number of reasons why
development is uneven throughout the
world.
- Trade
- Population growth
- Industrialisation
- Political turmoil
- Physical factors
Trade
• Exchanging one thing for another
• This can lead to a trade surplus or deficit
• This can be complicated by trade barriers
Population growth
• This can cause problems as a developing
nation cannot provide jobs, houses and
medical facilities for the population.
• This is because the economy is not strong
enough to cope with this change.
Industrialisation
• A move to become an industrial society
• Greater capital accumulation
• The role of Multi National Companies (MNC)
• Case study: South Korea – a newly industrialised
country (NIC)
Political turmoil
• Unstable governments can lead to civil war
which restricts development
• Corruption in governments means money is
not directed to where it should go.
• Case study: Zimbabwe
Physical factors
• Every country has a different location
• Amount of natural resources in a country
varies
• The climate in every country can vary.