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Review Last Week • What makes a good hypothesis? • Water properties • Alcohols • Propanol+water add salt 1 2 How? Why? Lab 2: Problem solving or why Chymistry outlasted Magick* *in most places Goals for today • Observe yourself in action: you are already a practitioner of scientific approaches • Observe yourself in action: want to get better at anything? Practice & analyze • Observe others in action: another grand way to improve 3 Definitions • “Science is the human endeavor to achieve a better understanding of the world by observation, comparison, experiment, analysis, synthesis, and conceptualization” • “Science is a body of facts (‘knowledge’) and the concepts that permit explaining these facts.” • Both from Ernst Mayr, What makes biology unique p. 140 (Kindle version) 4 You already do this • You stumble out of your room at 4 a.m. and turn on a lamp • Nothing happens • Now what? Curse the darkness? • Notes to self: What elements are you employing? What’s your process?* *Your notes today will be your material for a graded exercise at day’s end Take a blank sheet of paper out to start 5 Gonna Science you up • “The light’s not turning on!” = observation • ‘Possible explanations,’ statement = hypothesis/models • “If I ______, it should _____” = prediction • Execution of prediction = test • “Gotta catch ‘em all”: goal is to whittle away possibilities until only one is left standing • If only looking at one, challenge it to fail 6 Read, Observe, Consider: Become curious think about causality 7 (hypothesis) Create/Embrace functional explanation (model) Predict: IF (model true) THEN after X, Y will result Execute test(s): Experiment! Gain confidence Do results make sense? Repeat Reject/modify model Ways of knowing • Empirical--you saw it, touched it, etc. • Reasoned argument from documented/identified assumptions & previous knowledge • Repeatedly established by others that you ‘trust’ • ‘Intuition’ arises from experience & mental participation • Never: assertions by authority regardless of the nature (or volume) of that authority. No, really--never! 8 9 Stuff you can figure out: Thinking with your nose 10 • Give each paper towel a test--with your nose • What do you notice? (observe) • What does the fact of smelling tell you… • • about what your body does? (model) • about involvement of molecules? (model) What does smelling different things tell you? (model) C10H14O • The formula for both smells. • How can you make sense of this information and the observations of your nose? • How can you model this information? 11 12 • This is the structural drawing for both smells. What can you conclude? • See ‘Duo_Comparator’ in Bio181L_Go 13 PatternMaster A quest for the rules that order a system Rule Quest Given 1-step clockwise*, it could be... •Perimeter to top inner color •Top inner color to lower left color •Lower right color to lower left color *NEIGHBOR definitions are clockwise, counterclockwise 14 Take a look Bio181L_Go => PatternMaster for Fun Enter a random # Select ‘Demo’ 15 Make observations 16 • Walk around the room. Look at everybody else’s screen • Get a ‘feel’ for what’s standard. This is practice for solving medium & hard puzzles: Figuring out the ‘background’ so you can detect the ‘foreground’--the hints that something is noteworthy • Return to your prep notes for end-of-class assignment: • observe/record your process, approaches, successes Polya • Lab Manual, Appendix G • George Polya enumerated a general strategy based on teaching & contemplation for many years • It’s not rules, it’s ideas 17 P’Master, written part • Description clearly explains underlying rule • supplemented with examples • sufficient to guide someone who doesn’t know the game • If proposed solution is wrong or incomprehensible, points taken OFF & max possible score 45 no matter what • Easy => 95; Medium => 100; Hard => 105 (if perfect write-up) 19 Ordering the world What’s with these liquids? Two sets of liquids 20 • “Actors” [A & B] and “Indicators” (numbered) • These are yours to investigate. How much can you figure out? • What experiments will you perform to gain insight? • As you make observations, can you model the world? • Suggestion: finding an organized way to record your data is probably a Good Idea ;) • Find similarities or differences between Actors or Indicators, todays work should involve SECOND ORDER experiments!! What’s a rubric? 21 • It’s a treasure map--to POINTS. • Find on the calendar for this week • Grade will reflect quality of your approach and summary as well as completeness of your findings and justifications • All reasonable observations made, all possible hypotheses made, all predictions made, all tests conducted and all possible conclusions drawn • Claims about pH, protons or other things not tested in the lab cannot be made 22 Learning from yourself Three tips from you to you • Strategies, approaches, insights you observed, employed, discovered today • For each • state the rule, approach, etc. • explain the context in which it arose • state a circumstance where it could apply in your future 23 24 Quantum Mine Modeling information Rules of the Mine or... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Box_(game) 25 Solve one as a group • No mouse clicking until the group understands, supports the proposal • Hypothesis proposer ≠ prediction maker ≠ result analyzer • This is a bonus problem; it can earn up to 4 points added to your PMaster score 26 Homework Quantum Mine: Bonus credit Pattern Master: Solution & (written) description Assessor: the Logic of Disproof •Next week: write-up of today’s work (see rubric) •Bring personal computers next week – one per group is sufficient