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Chemistry of Organic Molecules 3.1 Organic molecules overview What are organic molecules? All contain ___________ Four types of organic molecules Why is carbon ubiquitous in organic molecules? Stable structure 6 electrons ____ number of bonds it can form Single, double, triple bonds Forms long chains How are long chains formed? Dehydration synthesis Monomer + monomer __________ + H20 Hydrolysis __________ + H20 monomer + monomer What are functional groups? Can be Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Isomers Chemistry of Organic Molecules 3.2 Carbohydrates What is a carbohydrate? (CH2O)n Common energy source 4.3 kcal/mol Name ends in –ose Hydrophilic Straight chain or ring What are mono- and disaccharides? Monosaccharides glucose Fructose Ribose deoxyribose Disaccharides Maltose Sucrose What are polysaccharides? Joining of three or more monosaccharides via ______ Starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin, peptidoglycan Chemistry of Organic Molecules 3.3 Lipids What are lipids? Common energy store ~ 9 kcal/mol Long chains of C and H Hydrophobic Several types Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Steroids What are triglycerides? Fats and oils Contain Glycerol Fatty acids (contains carboxyl group) Two types Saturated Unsaturated What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Saturated Unsaturated Complete number of ___ Contains double bonds Contains fewer ____ Transfats AKA partially hydrogenated fats What are phospholipids? Amphiphilic Create cell membrane Similar to triglycerides as they contain Glycerol Phosphate group Two fatty acids What are waxes? Long chain fatty acids bonded to long-chain alcohols Solid at room temp What are steroids? Four-ring lipids Cholesterol is base molecule Basis for many sex hormones Chemistry of Organic Molecules 3.4 Proteins What are proteins? Perform many functions Support Enzymes Transport Defense Hormones Motion Long chains of _____________ What are amino acids? Common structure 20 common kinds hydrophobic, hydrophilic Joined together via ________ to make polypeptides Peptide bond What are the shapes of proteins? Shape determines ________ Four levels of structure Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary What are some other properties of proteins? Fibrous proteins Globular proteins Enzymes Hydrophilic Chaperone proteins Structural hydrophobic Prions? Denaturation pH Heat Chemistry of Organic Molecules 3.5 Nucleic Acids What are nucleic acids? Long chains of _________ Three components in nucleotides DNA RNA ATP What is the structure of DNA? Double helix Deoxyribose Nucleotides joined via _______ Sugar-phosphate backbone Purines vs. pyrimidines Joined via hydrogen bonds What is the structure of RNA? Single stranded Ribose Sugar-phosphate backbone What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate Unstable P bond Energy molecule
