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Chapter 4 - Solar Vehicle
MOHD FAIRUS JAMID
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Solar History
• Term "photovoltaic" comes from
the Greek ”photos” meaning "light", and from
"Volt", the unit of electro-motive force,
• The volt, which in turn comes from the last name
of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor
of the battery (electrochemical cell).
• The term "photo-voltaic" has been in use in
English since 1849.
Solar Energy
Photovoltaic is technology in producing electricity from light or
generation of electricity from sunlight.
Advantages
•
Solar energy is free.
•
Solar energy does not cause pollution.
•
Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is
too expensive to extend the electricity power grid.
•
Many everyday items such as calculators and other low
power consuming devices can be powered by solar
energy effectively.
•
It is estimated that the world’s oil reserves will last for
30 to 40 years. On the other hand, solar energy is
infinite (forever).
Disadvantages
• Only be harnessed when daytime and sunny.
• Solar collectors, panels and cells are expensive.
• Solar power stations can be built but they do not match the
power output of similar sized conventional power stations.
• In UK, the unreliable climate means that solar energy is also
unreliable as a source of energy.
• Large areas of land are required to capture the suns energy.
• Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar
powered devices can be used at night. However, the
batteries are large and heavy and need storage space. They
also need replacing from time to time.
Solar Cell
A solar cell made from a
monocrystalline silicon wafer
A monocrystalline solar cell
• A solar cell (photovoltaic cell) is an
electrical device that converts the
energy of light directly
into electricity by the photovoltaic
effect.
• current, voltage, or resistance vary
when light is incident upon it.
• Materials presently used for
photovoltaic solar cells;
– Monocrystalline silicon
– Polycrystalline silicone
– Amorphous silicon
– Cadmium telluride
– Copper indium selenide/sulfide
Solar Cell Work
• The diagram shows basic photovoltaic cell.
• Blue color show main material, silicon.
• Black round and irregular shapes represent the impurities of boron or
phosphorous.
• Sun/light strikes the cell the impurities free up electrons which ‘bounce’
around at incredible speeds. This creates an electrical charge.
Solar Cell Work
• Silicon is a material known as a ‘semiconductor’ as it
conducts electricity and it is the main material for
photovoltaic cells.
• Impurities such as boron or phosphorus are added to this
base material.
• These impurities create the environment for electrons to
be freed when sunlight hits the photovoltaic panel.
• The freeing of electrons leads to the production of
electricity.
Solar Cell Specification
(+)
• V = 0.5V
• I = 3.4A
• P = I x V = 1.7Watt
• Efficiency = 17%
• Sun radiation = 1000W/m2
(-)
Solar Cell Efficiency
Solar Panel
• Assemblies of photovoltaic cells are
used to make solar modules which
generate electrical power
from sunlight.
• Multiple cells in an integrated group,
all oriented in one plane, constitute
a solar photovoltaic panel or "solar
photovoltaic module“.
• The electrical energy generated from
solar modules, referred to as solar
power, is an example of solar
energy.
• A group of connected solar modules
is called an "array."
Polycrystalline photovoltaic cells
laminated to backing material in a
module
Solar Application
Electronic application
Solar panels on the space
station absorb light from
both sides.
Early solar powered
calculator
Solar powered vehicle
Solar powered vehicle
• The Department of Sustainability and
Energy Management as a plug-in electric
vehicle from University of Central
Florida.
• The 3 solar panels attached to the roof,
runs on 100% solar power.
• Per day, the car can go about 15 miles,
which doesn't seem like much, but for
just traveling around campus, its perfect.
• Two of the panels power a 48V charge
controller, and the panel powers a 24V
charge controller, which is enough to get
the car going.
• Essentially operation of the car is carbon
neutral - no fuel, no plugging into a
station and no emissions.
Solar powered vehicle
• Solar powered golf cart and it can be used in sunny
climates to carry golfers from one hole to the next.
• When it is standing still the solar panels charge up the
batteries and it is the batteries that power the electric
motors, directly.
• As the vehicle is not in continuous use the batteries have
time to charge up before they are needed
Solar powered vehicle
• Solar powered cars could become practical is to charge up
their batteries when they are parked, during the day.
• Imagine driving the short distance to work and plugging the
car into a set of photovoltaic solar panels.
• Whilst you are working the batteries charge up ready for use
for the journey home. The same procedure could be carried
out when the car is parked at home.
Solar powered vehicle
• These are expensive to produce and usually seat only one or two
people. The main cost is due to the large number of expensive and
delicate photovoltaic solar panels that are needed to power the
vehicle.
• Many of the solar powered cars used in races today are composed of
expensive, lightweight materials such as titanium composites. Carbon
fiber and fiber glass are also used for much of the bodywork. Most of
the cars used in races are hand made by specialist teams and this
adds to the expense.
Solar powered vehicle
• A solar powered vehicle can only run efficiently when the sun
shines, although most vehicles of this type have a battery backup.
• Electricity is stored in the batteries when the sun is shining and
this power can be used when sun light is restricted (cloudy).
• The batteries are normally nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH),
Nickel-Cadmium batteries (NiCd), Lithium ion batteries or Lithium
polymer batteries.
• Common lead acid batteries of the type used in the average
family car are too heavy. Solar powered cars normally operate in
a range of 80 to 170 volts. To reduce friction with the ground the
wheels are extremely narrow and there are usually only three.
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