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PowerPoint® Presentation Photovoltaic Systems Batteries Battery Principles • Battery Types • Battery Systems Arizona Solar Power Society www.meetup.com/arizona-solar-power-society/ Chapter 6 — Batteries Batteries are collections of cells that produce electricity through electrochemical reactions. Cells can be configured into batteries of many different shapes and sizes. Chapter 6 — Batteries Many components are common to various battery types. Chapter 6 — Batteries Higher temperatures and slower discharge rates result in increased battery capacity. Chapter 6 — Batteries Electrochemical reactions within a cell produce a flow of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. Chapter 6 — Batteries Slower discharge rates remove more energy from a battery than faster discharge rates. Chapter 6 — Batteries The state of charge and depth of discharge of a battery always add up to equal 100%. Chapter 6 — Batteries When arrays are used to charge batteries, seasonal insolation variations affect depth of discharge values. Chapter 6 — Batteries Batteries exhibit high self-discharge rates at higher temperatures. Chapter 6 — Batteries The charging reaction within a cell is the reverse of the discharge reaction. Chapter 6 — Batteries Bulk, absorption, and float charging control battery voltage with the charging current during a multiplestage charging cycle. Chapter 6 — Batteries The freezing point of sulfuric acid electrolyte changes at various states of charge because of changes in specific gravity. Chapter 6 — Batteries Sulfation reduces the capacity of a lead-acid cell by locking away active material as crystals. Chapter 6 — Batteries Stratification results when the specific gravity of the electrolyte is higher at the bottom of a cell than at the top. Chapter 6 — Batteries Batteries are divided into classes based on discharge and cycle characteristics. Chapter 6 — Batteries Catalytic recombination caps recombine oxygen and hydrogen into water, which then drains back into the battery. Chapter 6 — Batteries Captive-electrolyte batteries are sealed and contain electrolyte that is immobilized. Chapter 6 — Batteries The characteristics of lead-acid batteries vary between different designs. Chapter 6 — Batteries Two types of nickel-cadmium batteries have different performance characteristics. Chapter 6 — Batteries System requirements and characteristics of battery types must be considered when choosing a battery. Chapter 6 — Batteries Connecting batteries in series increases system voltage. Chapter 6 — Batteries Connecting batteries in parallel increases system capacity. Chapter 6 — Batteries Series and parallel connections can be combined to produce a desired system voltage level and capacity.