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Networking Fundamentals
•Copper Core Cable as
Network Media
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Medium: Copper
Signals
Analog and Digital Signals
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Frequency - repeating event per unit time
Hz or Hertz – cycles per second
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Attenuation - A gradual loss of any kind through a
medium
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Interference -
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Latency -
the combination of two or more electromagnetic
waveforms to form a resultant wave
a measure of time delay experienced in a system
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Medium Copper
Data Transmission
Data Transmission
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Bandwidth –
(1) width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an
electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium
(usually in hertz, hz)
(2) data transfer rate (usually in bits per second, bps)
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Baseband -
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Broadband - multiple signals and traffic types
a single unmultiplexed signal
Data Transmission
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Simplex – one way
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Duplex – two way
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Full-Duplex – all the time
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Half Duplex – one at a time
Signal Encoding, Digitization
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Frequency Shift Keying - FSK
Amplitude Shift Keying - ASK
Phase Shift Keying - PSK
QPSK
QAM64
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Medium Copper
Important Electronic Terms
Electronic Terms
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Direct Current the unidirectional flow
of electric charge. Direct current is
produced by sources such as batteries.
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Alternating Current the flow of
electric charge periodically reverses
direction.
Electronic Terms
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Resistance (DC) the opposition to the
passage of an electric current through
that conductor.
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Impedance (AC) the opposition that a
circuit presents to a current when a
voltage is applied.
Electronic Terms
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Reflected Loss the loss of signal power
resulting from the reflection caused at a
discontinuity.
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Crosstalk phenomenon by which a signal
transmitted on one circuit or channel of a
transmission system creates an undesired
effect in another circuit or channel.
Electronic Terms
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Induction a redistribution of electrical
charge in an object, caused by the influence of
nearby charges.
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Decibel A unit used to express relative
difference in power or intensity, usually
between two acoustic or electric signals, equal
to ten times the common logarithm of the
ratio of the two levels
Crosstalk
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Near-End
Far-End
Equal Level Far-End
Alien Crosstalk
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Medium Copper
Copper Core Cables
Copper Core Cables
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Coaxial Cable
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Twisted Pair
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Medium Copper
IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet
IEEE 802
• 802 Network Standard
.1 Internetworking
.2 Logical Link Control
.3 Ethernet over copper cabling
.11 Wireless
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802
IEEE 802.3 Standard (1000+pages)
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Classifications
10BaseT
100BaseTX
1000BaseT
10GBaseT
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10 Mbps
100 Mbps
1000 Mbps
10 Gbps
Baseband
Baseband
Baseband
Baseband
Twisted Pair (Cat5)
Twisted Pair (Cat5)
Twisted Pair (Cat5e)
Twisted Pair (Cat6)
Media Access
CSMA/CD carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
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Wiring and Connections
568A 568B
RJ-45 Connector
Straight-Through (Patch)
Crossover
Auto-MDIX – Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover
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Medium Copper
IEEE 802.5
IEEE 802.5 Standard
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802.5 Token Ring
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MAU – Multiple Access Unit
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Medium Copper
Wiring Faults
Wiring Faults
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Short – Bad connection
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Open – Break in connection
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Ground – Connects to Earth
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Reversed – Reversed Pair
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Crossed – Crossed pair
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Split Pairs – Split Pair
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Medium Copper
Etc.
Etc
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Etc
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