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RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES
INDIAN POWER SECTOR
SCENARIO

Installed capacity 152148 MW *(as on 31.08.09)

Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear
Renewable

*Source – Central Electricity Authority of India




- 97869 MW
- 36917 MW
- 4120 MW
- 13242 MW
The 15th annual power survey of Central
Electricity Authority (CEA) projects a power
demand of 2,40,000 MW by the end of 11th
five-year plan (2012-13).
INDIAN POWER SECTOR SCENARIO –
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MW
TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY - 152148 MW AS ON
31.08.09
13242, 9%
4120, 3%
THERMAL
HYDRO
NUCLEAR
36917,
24%
RENEWABLE
97869,
64%
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES

Conventional





Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Unconventional (examples)


Oil Shale
Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES


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


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Solar photovoltaic
Solar thermal power
Passive solar air and water heating
Wind
Hydropower
Biomass
Ocean energy
Geothermal
Waste to Energy
Primary sources of energy

Three independent primary sources providing
energy to the earth are :



The Sun
Geothermal forces
Planetary motion in the solar system
NEED FOR ALTERNATIVES

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




Fossil fuel reserves (Coal, Oil & Natural Gas),
the dominant source of energy, are limited
India - 17% of World population, 4% of primary
energy
Present pattern – predominantly fossil based
India imports 110 million tonnes crude annually
90% (112 million tonnes) of the total available oil
is consumed by transportation sector in India
52% of households unelectrified
Linkage between energy services
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RENEWABLES



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Large, Inexhaustible source -Solar energy
intercepted by earth 1.8*1011 MW
Clean Source of Energy
Dilute Source - Even in best regions 1kW/m2 and
the total daily flux available is 7 kWh/m2
Large Collection Areas, high costs
Availability varies with time
Need for Storage, Additional Cost
BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY

Environment


Local and regional development



Reducing emissions of CO2 and other
pollutants (acid rain, etc.)
Economic and social cohesion
Local job creation
Security of supply

Reducing Imports
POWER GENERATION OPTIONS

Power Generation




Centralised Grid Connected
Decentralised Distributed Generation Isolated
Cogeneration/Trigeneration
Demand Side Management (Solar Water
Heater, Passive Solar)
Potential and Installation of Renewable Energy
Systems (As on 31.03.2009)
S.
No
Renewable Energy Sources
Approx.
potential
(MW)
Potential
Harnessed
(MW)
1
Wind Power
45195
10242
2
Small Hydro Up to (25 MW)
15000
2430
3
Cogeneration (Bagasse)
5000
1049
4
Gasifiers
16000
243
5
Waste to energy (Urban & industrial) 2700
59
6
S.P.V.
50 MW/sq km
2.12 MW
7
Solar Thermal
140 m.sq. m.
2.5 m. sq.m.
TOTAL
83895 MW
14023 MW
WIND ENERGY
WIND POWER GENERATION STATUS

India ranks fifth in the world after Germany, the USA, Denmark and the
UK.

The wind energy potential in India has been estimated at 45,000 MW, of
which 10000 MW installed

States with high wind power potential are TN, Gujarat, AP, Karnataka,
Kerala, MP and Maharashtra

Single machine upto 4.5 MW

Average capacity factor - 14%

Capital cost Rs 4-5crores/MW, Rs 2-3/kWh
(cost effective if site CF>20%)
WIND ENERGY - PRINCIPLES

Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most
energy.

At 100 feet (30 meters) or more aboveground, they can take
advantage of the faster and less turbulent wind.

Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades.

Usually, two or three blades are mounted on a shaft to form a
rotor.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
INDIA MAP
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Rajasthan
Arunachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Active Wind Sector
Andhra Pradesh
Active Wind & Hydro
Sector
Karnataka
Huge Small Hydro
Potential
Tamil Nadu
RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPLEMENTATION –MAJOR STATES
Wind Resources Map of India
WIND FARM
COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind
speed data to the controller.

Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind
blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate.

Brake: A disc brake, which can be applied mechanically,
electrically, or hydraulically to stop the rotor in emergencies.

Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds
of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine
at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above
about 55 mph because they might be damaged by the high
winds.
COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the
high-speed shaft and increase the rotational speeds
from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to
about 1000 to 1800 rpm

Generator: Usually an off-the-shelf induction
generator that produces 50-cycle AC electricity.

High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.

Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed
shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.
COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

Pitch: Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind
to control the rotor speed and keep the rotor from
turning in winds that are too high or too low to
produce electricity.

Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called
the rotor.

Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel (shown
here), concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed
increases with height, taller towers enable turbines
to capture more energy and generate more
electricity.
COMPONENTS OF WIND TURBINE

Wind vane: Measures wind direction and
communicates with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly with respect to the wind.

Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the
yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the
wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind
turbines don't require a yaw drive, the wind blows
the rotor downwind.
Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.

ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

Clean fuel source
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Inexhaustible
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One of the lowest-priced renewable energy
technologies
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Benefiting the economy in rural areas
DISADVANTAGES
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Higher initial investment than fossil-fueled
generators.
Wind is intermittent; Wind energy cannot be
stored
Good wind sites are often located in remote
locations, far from cities where the electricity
is needed.
May compete with other uses for the land
SMALL HYDRO POWER
WHAT IS SMALL HYDROPOWER
(SHP)

Water is fed from stream/canal to the
turbine by a closed pipe (penstock)
through diversion works. The turbine in
turn rotates the generator for electricity
generation.

Power (kW) = 9.81 x Discharge (cum/s) x
Head (m) x Efficiency
ADVANTAGES OF SMALL HYDRO
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Non-consumptive use of water
Does not require large capital investment
Short gestation period ranging from 6 to 24 months.
Low operation costs
Unmanned power stations are possible
Can be connected with electricity grid
Can act as a catalyst in promoting socio-economic
changes in remote areas.
More environment friendly than conventional hydro
Small hydro is significant for off-grid, rural, in far
flung isolated communities having no chances of
grid extension for years to come.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHP IN
INDIA
Class
Station Capacity
Micro
Upto 100 kW
Mini
101 kW to 2000 kW
Small
2001 kW to 25000 kW
TYPE OF SCHEMES

RUN OF RIVER
 No storage.
 The output is subject to instantaneous flow.
 Reliability of discharge and geological conditions should be
ensured.

CANAL BASED
 Utilizes the fall and flow in the canals.
 May be planned in main canal or in bye-pass canal.
 Nearby drops should be clubbed in existing canals.
 In canals under planning concentrated drops should be
considered.

DAM BASED
 Dam toe schemes are most common in India.
 Water stored during monsoon is utilized for power generation.
Cost Aspects of SHP Scheme

Parameters affecting cost are
 Physical sizes of Civil Works and E&M Equipments
 Construction Aspects
 Operating costs

Unit cost of hydro schemes is inversely proportional to the
head

Per kW cost may be ranging from Rs 40,000/- to Rs.90,000/depending upon the layout and capacity of the scheme.

Costs may very + 20% depending upon the location of the
project and the topographical terrain.
Small hydro vis-à-vis other renewables



It is the highest-density renewable energy
source against widely spread and thinly
distributed solar energy, biomass, wind
resource, etc.
Its cost of generation is cheapest amongst
renewables. (Re 1.00 to 1.50 /kWhr)
Small hydro efficiencies are highest amongst
renewables (85 to 90%)
MNES’ Database of Small Hydro Potential Sites
Identified in India up to 25 MW Capacity
Sl.
No.
1
Name of State
Himachal Pradesh
Identified Sites up to
25 MW
323
Total Capacity
(in MW)
1,624.78
2
Jammu & Kashmir
201
1,207.27
3
Uttar Pradesh
211
267.06
4
Uttaranchal
354
1,478.23
5
Gujarat
290
156.83
6
Maharashtra
234
599.47
7
Andhra Pradesh
286
254.63
8
Karnataka
230
652.61
9
Kerala
198
466.85
10
Tamil Nadu
147
338.92
11
Orissa
161
156.76
12
Sikkim
145
182.62
13
Arunachal Pradesh
492
1,059.03
Total
3,272
8,445.06
Average PLF’s vary from 30% to 60% depending on location.
INCREASE OF HYDRO SHARE



In India there is huge potential for hydropower
projects, and very less has been harnessed so
far.
Coal requirement for power generation may not
last for more than 150 years. In addition, higher
transportation cost is incurred on transportation
of coal over longer distances.
Power generation from hydro sources is almost
free of running cost and is completely pollution
free.
SOLAR ENERGY
Why Solar Energy ?




Solar energy is the most readily available
source of energy.
It is free.
It is also the most important of the nonconventional sources of energy because it is
non-polluting.
Earth surface receives 1.2x1017 W of power
from sun. India receives solar energy
equivalent to 5000 trillion kWhr per year
SOLAR ENERGY - CLASSIFICATION

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Solar Energy can be classified as two types
1. Passive solar and
2. Active solar
Passive Solar Energy

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
Passive solar energy is making direct and
indirect use of thermal energies from the sun
A southern exposure of a building guarantees
the maximum exposure of the sun’s rays
Special metal leaf covering over windows and
roofs can block out the sun during the
summer months
Active Solar Energy

Active Solar Energy is the use of the sun’s
Electromagnetic radiation in generating
Electrical Energy

It can be further divided into two forms –


Solar Thermal (Heating Application)
Solar Photovoltaic (Electricity Generation).
Solar Thermal

Employed for collecting & converting the sun energy to heat
energy for application such as water & air heating, cooking &
drying, steam generation, distillation, etc.

Basically a solar thermal device consists of a solar energy
collector - “the absorber”, a heating or heat transferring medium
and a heat storage or heat tank.

Solar thermal technology employs an elaborate use of a black
body, good heat conducting materials, insulation and reflectors.

Solar geyser, solar concentrators, solar cookers, solar still are
some example of devices based on solar thermal technology.
Solar Photovoltaic (SPV)



Solar Photovoltaic Technology is employed for
directly converting solar energy to electrical energy
by the using “Solar Silicon Cell”.
Solar PV has found wide application in rural areas
for various important activities besides rural home
lighting.
Remote villages deprived of grid power can be
easily powered using the Solar Photovoltaic
technology. The economics of rural electrification
can be attractive considering the high cost of power
transmission and erratic power supply in the rural
areas.
How electricity is generated through Solar
Energy


Solar photo voltaic (SPV). Can be used to
generate electricity form the sun.
Silicon solar cells play an important role in
generation of electricity.
Solar cells Characteristics.



Isc-short circuit current.
Voc-open circuit
voltage.
Peak power.
Isc
Voc
How solar cells Generate electricity
From Cells to Modules



The open circuit voltage of a
single solar solar cell is approx
0.5V.
Much higher voltage voltage is
required for practical application.
Solar cells are connected in series
to increase its open circuit
voltage.
Solar Power projects Map
BIOMASS POWER
BIO MASS




Biomass is the most important source for energy
productions supplied by agriculture
This energy is also available in the form of
biodegradable waste, which is the rejected
component of available biomass
Organic matter in which the energy of sunlight is
stored in chemical bonds
When the bonds between carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen molecules are broken by digestion,
combustion (or) decomposition these substances
release stored energy
BIO MASS - CLASSIFICATION
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Biomass Grown (plantation)
Agricultural Waste (straw, husk)
Animal waste (dung)
Industrial waste (bagasse, dry waste)
Municipal waste (garbage, nightsoil)
BIO MASS
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Biomass is currently the world’s fourth largest
energy source
India produces 540 million tonnes of crop and
plantation residues every year
Higher Capacity factors than other
renewables
Fuelwood, agricultural residues, animal waste
Atmospheric gasification with dual fuel engine
500 kW gasifier – largest installation
Biogas
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45-70% CH4(Methane) rest CO2
Calorific value 16-25MJ/m3
Digestor- well containing animal waste
Dome - floats on slurry- acts as gas holder
Spent Slurry -sludge- fertiliser
Anaerobic Digestion- bacterial action
Family size plants 2m3/day
Community Size plants 12- 150 m3/day
Rs 12-14000 for a 2m3 unit
Cooking, Electricity, running engine
Potential for Bagasse-based Cogeneration in Major
Sugar Producing States in India
State
Commissioned till March 31, 2005
(in MW)
Maharashtra
Potential (in
MW)
1,250
Uttar Pradesh
1,250
46.50
Tamil Nadu
500
114.00
Karnataka
500
109.38
Andhra Pradesh
300
160.05
Bihar
300
0
Gujarat
250
0.50
Punjab
150
22.00
Others
500
15.00
Total
5,000
483.93
32.50
BIO FUELS
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What are biofuels
Renewable fuels from biosources.
Include
 1. Ethanol
 2. Biodiesel
 3. Biogas
Why Biofuels
Pollution threat
Reduction of green house gas emission
Regional development
Social structure & Agriculture
Security of supply.
Importance of Biodiesel

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Environment friendly
Clean burning
Renewable fuel
No engine modification
Increase in Engine life
Biodegradable & non toxic
Easy to handle and store.
Biodiesel program in India

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
In India most of the trials were done using bio diesel
from Jatropha Pongamia.
Other than Jatropha & Pongamia, the raw material
used for bio-diesel production are sunflower,
soyabean, rapeseed and palm oil
In December 31, 2002: - Indian Railway Conducted
a successful trial run of an Express
Passenger train on the Delhi-Amritsar rout using 5%
of biodiesel as fuel.
Indian Oil Corporation began in January 2004 field
trials of running buses on diesel doped with 5%
biodiesel.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY


Geothermal energy—the heat from the earth.
This heat can be drawn from several sources:



hot water or steam reservoirs deep in the earth
that are accessed by drilling;
geothermal reservoirs located near the earth's
surface;
the shallow ground near the Earth's surface that
maintains a relatively constant temperature of 50°60° F.
Map showing Geothermal Provinces of
India
How a Geothermal Power Plant Works
TIDAL ENERGY



Tidal energy traditionally involves erecting a dam
across the opening to a tidal basin.
The dam includes a sluice that is opened to allow
the tide to flow into the basin; the sluice is then
closed, and as the sea level drops, traditional
hydropower technologies can be used to generate
electricity from the elevated water in the basin.
Tidal range may vary over a wide range (4.5-12.4 m)
from site to site. A tidal range of at least 7 m is
required for economical operation and for sufficient
head of water for the turbines
TIDAL ENERGY



Tidal energy schemes are characterised by low
capacity factors, usually in the range of 20-35%.
There is a high capital cost for a tidal energy project,
with possibly a 10-year construction period.
Tidal power generation may change the
sedimentation and erosion patterns in the estuary.
Pollutants discharged into the rivers upstream from
the barrages may accumulate in the estuary.
Emerging Developments in Renewables




Ocean Energy
Ocean energy draws on the energy of ocean waves,
tides, or on the thermal energy (heat) stored in the
ocean.
The ocean contains two types of energy: thermal
energy from the sun's heat, and mechanical energy
from the tides and waves.
Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's surface,
making them the world's largest solar collectors. The
sun warms the surface water a lot more than the
deep ocean water, and this temperature difference
stores thermal energy. Thermal energy is used for
many applications, including electricity generation.
Emerging Developments in Renewables –
Contd.


Ocean mechanical energy : A barrage (dam)
is typically used to convert tidal energy into
electricity by forcing the water through
turbines
For wave energy conversion, there are three
basic systems: channel systems that funnel
the waves into reservoirs, float systems that
drive hydraulic pumps, and oscillating water
column systems that use the waves to
compress air within a container.
WAVE ENERGY

The total power of waves breaking on the world's coastlines is
estimated at 2 to 3 million megawatts. Three approaches to
capturing wave energy are:
 Floats or Pitching Devices These devices generate electricity
from the bobbing or pitching action of a floating object.
 Oscillating Water Columns (OWC) These devices generate
electricity from the wave-driven rise and fall of water in a
cylindrical shaft. The rising and falling water column drives air
into and out of the top of the shaft, powering an air-driven turbine.
 Wave Surge Or Focusing Devices These shoreline devices,
also called "tapered channel" or "tapchan" systems, rely on a
shore-mounted structure to channel and concentrate the waves,
driving them into an elevated reservoir. Water flow out of this
reservoir is used to generate electricity, using standard
hydropower technologies
Geothermal/OTEC/Tidal/Wave
World
Cost Estimates
Geothermal
Commercial 8240 MW
4c/kWh
$2000/kW
No Indian experience
50 MW plant J & K
planned
Tidal
Prototype
240 MW
FRANCE
LF 20% No Indian
experience
OTEC
Prototype
50 kW
210 kW
NELHA
India 1MW gross plant
under construction
Wave
Energy
Prototype
< 1MW
India 150 kW plant
Grid Connected Thiruvananthpuram
WAVE ENERGY
ECONOMICS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
Sector
Capital Cost
(Rs Crore/MW)
Cost of Generation
(Rs/kWh)
Natural Gas CC
2.5 – 3.5
1.5 - 2
Coal
5 – 6.5
2 – 2.75
Nuclear
6 - 10
1.65 - 4
Wind
4 - 10
1.5 - 4
Biomass
7.5 – 12.5
2 – 4.5
Small Hydro
4-6
2.5 - 5
Solar thermal
electric
Solar PV
20 - 30
6-9
30 - 40
15 - 20
CONCLUSION



India has competitive strengths in wind energy, solar
energy, and biofuels. It has advantage in terms of
human capital and scientific and engineering
capabilities.
India also has an advantage because it has urgent
needs. Need generates urgency, which generates
demand, which, in turn, generates innovation.
These factors create conditions for India to move
ahead.
THANKS