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Power Summary
Magneto-Electric
Holmes (1856)
Alliance (1857)
Dynamo-Electric
Gramme (1873)
Siemens (1873)
Type
Speed
(rpm)
Approx.
Output
(kw)
AC
AC
400
400
2.0
2.3
51
36
550
494
DC
DC
420
480
3.2
5.5
25
11
320
265
Weight
Cost

Alternator
 Background
 de
Meritens
 Gramme
 Wilde & Siemens
 Ferranti
 Gordon
 Mordley
Alternator
 Early
Dynamos
Constant Maintenance
 Commutators
 Brush-Gear
Could not Be Design For AC
 Alternating
Current
Better Wave Form - Efficiency
Alternator
Back To Work Of Holmes
 Non Continuous Winding - Distributed Winding
Baron A. de Maritens
 Manufactured
- 1880
 Permanent Magnets
 Magneto-Electric Type
 Installations
 Trinity House - S. Foreland
 Lizard Lighthouses
 Still
In Use In 1947
 4.5 kw At 830 rpm
Gramme (1878)
 Rotating
Field
 Exciter - Built Into Alternator Carcass
 2-Polar Dynamo With Ring Armature
Wilde (1878)
 Armature
Coils
 Bobbins
 Similar
To Holmes
 Siemens
 Eliminated Iron
cores On Bobbins
Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti
 1881
 Rotor
Winding
 Copper Ribbon
 Advantage
 Free To Expand
J. E. H. Gordon (1852-1893)
 Power
Plants
 Largest Alternators Of The Time (1885)
 Alternator
600 hp At 146 rpm
10 ft Diameter
22 tons
Problem
 Overheating - Laminated Cores
 Power
Source
Steam At 160 psi
Paddington
Great Western
Railway
Station (1885)
Gordon
Alternators
W. M. Mordey (1856-1938)
 1886
 Rotating
Field Magnet
 Coil Between Two Steel Plates
 Fixed
Stator
Electric Lighting
 Lighthouses
Limelight (1850)
 Lime Incandescent In Oxy-Hydrogen flame
Electric Arc-Lamps, “Jablochkoff Candles” (1857)
 Street
Lighting - Electric Arc
Paris (1875)
Llondon (1878)
 Domestic
Lighting
Electric Arc-Lamps - Too Powerfull
Filament Lamp (1881)
Electric Power Stations
 Background
 Transformers
 Deptford
Power Station
 DC Or AC
 Parallel Operation Of Alternators
Background
 First
Power Station (1882)
Supplied Private Customers
Holborn Viaduct Station - Edison Co.
 Brighton
& Godalming
 Grosvenor Gallery (1883)
AC @ High Voltage
Customers Given Series Transformers
Ferranti
 Replaced Seimens Alts. With 2400 V Alternators
 Switch From Series To Parallel - Gibbs
Brighton Power Station (1887)
Transformers
 Faraday
(1831)
 Principle Of AC Transformer
 Mutual Induction Of Windings
 Gaulard
& Gibbs (1883)
 Adjustable Core
 Series Circuit
 Ferrenti
Or Westinghouse
 Parallel Circuit
Deptford Power Station (1991)
 Intended
To Supply London
 Ferranti
Transmission At High Voltage (10,000 V)
 Mains
 20 ft Copper Tubing (Inner & Outer)
 Separated By Paper
 Used In London For 40 Years
Power Output
 Four Ferranti Generators (10,000 V Windings)
 One 10,000 hp Steam Engine
 Led
To Small Power Stations
Maiden Lane (1889)
Deptford Power Station (1891)
Maiden Lane
D.C. Or A.C.
 Pro A.C.
England
 Ferranti, Gordon, Mordley, Thompson
U.S.
 Westinghouse, Tesla, Sprague, Steinmetz
 Pro
D.C.
England
 Lord Kelvin, Crompton, Kennedy, Hopkinson
U.S.
 Edison
D.C. Or A.C. (Continued)
 A.C.
Advantages
 High Voltage Generation & Transmission
 Less Main Loss
Disadvantages
 Electrocution
 D.C.
Advantages
 Large Storage Batteries During Light Load
 Safe
Disadvantages
 High Voltage Transmission (No H.V. Machines)
 Battery Maintenance
D.C. Or A.C. (Continued)
 Arguments
Brown & Edison
 Death Penalty By Lethal Electrocution
 Bought Generators From Westinghouse (1889)
Westinghouse
 Contact For Niagara Falls Power Scheme
Bitter Fights Between Edison & Westinghouse
 Change-Over
Equal Number Of D.C. & A.C. In 1890
London (1958)
 Some Areas & Provincial Towns Are Still D.C.
Batteries
 Primary
Batteries
Non reverseable Chemical Reaction
Single Or Two Fluid Classes
 Single
Fluid Class
Voltaic Cell - Zinc & Copper
Problem - Variable Voltage
Subject To Polarizartion
 Hydrogen At Positive Pole
 Two
Fluid Class
Constant Electromotive Force
Batteries - Single Fluid
 Helm
(1850)
 Carbon Replaced Copper
 Warren
de la Rue (1868)
 Lead Dioxide
 Silver Chloride
 G.
Leclanche (1866)
 Lead Acid
 R.
W. Bunsen (1844)
 Carbon & Zinc Plates With Chromic
Acid
 Grenet
(1859) - Shown
 Carbon & Zinc Plates With Potassium
Dichromate
Batteries - Two Fluid
 Used
For Telegraph
 Daniell Cell
 Electrolyte - Dilute Sulfuric
Acid
 Constant Voltage
 Plates Did Not Waste
 Active For Long Periods
 No Unpleasant Fumes
 Minotto
Cell
 Replaced Pot With Sand
 Fuller
Cell
 12 Cells
 Telegraph (1875)