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Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Chapter 10 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-1 Conception The union of a sperm cell and ovum 200 to 400 million sperm Ovum Zona pellucida Gelatinous layer that surrounds the ovum Hyaluronidase Enzyme that briefly thins the zona pellucida Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-2 Conception Optimizing the chances of conception Basal body temperature (BBT) chart Analyzing urine or saliva for luteinizing hormone Tracking vaginal mucus Additional considerations Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-3 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Infertility Inability to conceive a child Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-4 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems Low sperm count Irregularly shaped sperm Low sperm motility Chronic disease Injury to the testes (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-5 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Male fertility problems (continued) Autoimmune response Pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid disease Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-6 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Artificial insemination Introduction of sperm into the reproductive tract through means other than sexual intercourse Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-7 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems Irregular ovulation Obstructions or malfunctions of the reproductive tract Endometeriosis Declining hormone levels (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-8 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued) Endometriosis Endometrial tissue is sloughed off into the abdominal cavity rather than out of the body during menstruation (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-9 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Female fertility problems (continued) Laparoscopy A long, narrow tube is inserted through an incision in the navel Visual inspection of organs in the pelvic cavity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-10 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents In vitro fertilization (IVF) Mature ova are surgically removed from an ovary and placed in a lab dish along with sperm Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Sperm and ova are inserted into a fallopian tube to encourage conception Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-11 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Ovum is fertilized in a lab dish and then placed in a fallopian tube Donor IVF Ovum is taken from one woman, fertilized, and then injected into the uterus or fallopian tube of another woman Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-12 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Embryonic transfer A woman volunteer is artificially inseminated by the male partner of the intended mother Embryo is removed and inserted within the uterus of the intended mother Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-13 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Surrogate motherhood A woman is impregnated with sperm of a prospective father via artificial insemination Carries the embryo and fetus to term Gives the child to the prospective parents Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-14 Infertility and Alternative Ways of Becoming Parents Adoption Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-15 Canadian Legislation Governing Reproductive Technology Act Respecting Assisted Human Reproduction Banning cloning of humans Banning the selection of a baby’s sex Making it illegal to pay surrogate mothers Making it illegal to pay for sperm donations Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-16 Pregnancy Early signs of pregnancy Missing a period Pregnancy tests Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Hormone produced by women shortly after conception (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-17 Pregnancy Pregnancy tests (continued) Hegar’s sign Softness of a section of the uterus Early effects of pregnancy Tenderness of the breasts (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-18 Pregnancy Pregnancy tests (continued) Early effects of pregnancy (continued) Morning sickness Nausea, aversion to specific foods, vomiting Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-19 Pregnancy Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion Sex during pregnancy Safe throughout the pregnancy Decline in sexual interest Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-20 Pregnancy Psychological changes during pregnancy 1st trimester 2nd trimester 3rd trimester Sympathetic pregnancy Father experiences pregnancy signs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-21 Prenatal Development Nagele’s rule First day of the last menstrual period Add 7 days Subtract 3 months Add 1 year Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-22 Germinal Stage Germinal stage Before implantation in the uterus Period of the ovum Blastocyst Embryo is a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-23 Germinal Stage Embryonic disk Platelike inner part of the blastocyst Trophoblast Outer part of the blastocyst Amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord development Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-24 Embryonic Stage Embryonic stage implantation through 8th week Differentiation of the major organ systems From Cephalocaudal From the head downward Proximodistal From the central axis of the body outward Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-25 Embryonic Stage Ectoderm Outermost cell layer Skin and nervous system Neural tube Hollow area from which the nervous system will develop Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-26 Embryonic Stage Endoderm Inner layer Lungs and digestive system Mesoderm Central layer Bones and muscles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-27 Embryonic Stage Amniotic sac Sac containing the fetus Amniotic fluid Suspends and protects the fetus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-28 Embryonic Stage Placenta Relay station between mother and fetus Exchange of nutrients and waste Umbilical cord Tube connecting fetus to placenta Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-29 Fetal Stage 9th week until birth Fetal movements Age of viability Fetus can sustain independent life Cephalic presentation Emergence of the baby head first (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-30 Fetal Stage (continued) Breech presentation Emergence of the baby feet first Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-31 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Mother’s diet Maternal diseases and disorders Teratogens Environmental influences or agents that damage an embryo or fetus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-32 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Rubella (German measles) Viral infection that can cause mental retardation and heart disease Syphilis Sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial infection Miscarriage or stillbirth Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-33 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Destroys white blood cells in the immune system Toxemia Life threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-34 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Ectopic pregnancy Fertilized ovum becomes implanted somewhere other than in the uterus Rh incompatibility Antibodies produced by a pregnant woman are transmitted to the fetus Fetal erythoblastosis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-35 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Medications taken by the mother (and father) Antibiotics Tranquilizers and sedatives Acne drugs and antihistamines Hormones Progestin and DES Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-36 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Critical periods of vulnerability Embryo or fetus is vulnerable to the effects of a teratogen Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-37 Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development Vitamins Street drugs Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Cigarette smoking Other agents Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-38 Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities Averting chromosomal and genetic abnormalities Genetic counseling Blood tests Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-39 Childbirth “dropping” or “lightening” Tissues that plugged the cervix becomes dislodged Braxton-Hicks contractions False labour contractions (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-40 Childbirth (continued) Prostaglandins Uterine hormones Oxytocin Pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-41 Stages of Childbirth First stage Efface Dilate Transition Second stage Cervix is fully dilated (continued) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-42 Stages of Childbirth (continued) Second stage (continued) Ends with the birth of the baby Episiotomy Incision in the perineum Third stage In the new world Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-43 Methods of Childbirth Anesthetized childbirth Natural childbirth No anesthesia Other strategies for coping with discomfort Educated about childbirth Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-44 Methods of Childbirth Prepared childbirth Lamaze method Relax and breathe to conserve energy and lessen pain A coach is present at childbirth Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-45 Methods of Childbirth Cesarean section Fetus is delivered through surgical incision in the abdomen Advised when a normal delivery is difficult Transverse position Crosswise birth position Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-46 Birth Problems Anoxia Oxygen deprivation Preterm and low birth weight children Born before 37 weeks of gestation Neurological and developmental problems Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-47 Postpartum Period Maternal depression Persistent and severe mood changes during the postpartum period Despair and apathy Changes in appetite and sleep, low selfesteem, difficulty concentrating Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-48 Postpartum Period Breast-feeding Does breast-feeding affect sexual behaviour? Prolactin Stimulates production of milk Lactation Production of milk by the mammary glands Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-49 Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation Lochia Reddish vaginal discharge that may persist for a month after delivery Resumption of sexual activity Six-week waiting period Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-50 End of Chapter 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada 10-51