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İLERİ ÇOCUK GELİŞİMİ VE ERİNLİK PSİKOLOJİSİ Prof.Dr.Mustafa Ergün Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 1 KAVRAMSAL AÇIKLAMALAR Evren, canlılar ve insan Psikoloji = Ruhbilim “Ruh” ve ruhlar Gelişim psikolojisi (developmental psychology) Öğrenme: neyi, niçin, nasıl KALITIM VE ÇEVRE 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 2 Growth and Change 22.5.2017 We all begin existence as a single fertilized egg, and from that moment until the time we die we are continuously changing. Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 3 Growth and Change Physical development Perceptual development Cognitive development Emotional development Social development 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 4 Our bodies consist of many Child’s trillons of cells, all physical descendants of a single development fertilized egg that must contain the information necessary to construct a human being. This information resides in the nukleus of the cell in twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 5 Child’s physical development The functional unit of the chromosome is the gene; every chromosome consists of many thousands of genes. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 6 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 7 Prenatal Development 22.5.2017 Approximately five hundred thousand ova are present in the female’s body from birth. An ovum is the largest cell of the human body; it is approximately the size of the head of a pin. Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 8 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 9 Prenatal Development When an ovum is fertilized, the pairs (chromosomes) are reconstituted in a single cell called a zygote, with one member of each new pair coming from each parent. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 10 This cell divides and redivides, with each division doubling the previous number of cells. Just before a cell divides, it duplicates all of its parts; it produces a dublicate set of chromosomes, with one set going to each of the two new cells... Thus, a single cell develops into a complex organism consisting of thousands of different kinds of cells. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 11 The mass of dividing Prenatal cells begins to Development differentiate into various kinds of tissues. At this moment, when the cells begins to specialize, the organism becomes an embryo. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 12 Prenatal Development By the time the embryo becomes a fetus, it is approximately human in appearance. By the time the fetus is born. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 13 Prenatal Development Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Prenatal development is divided into three trimesters. During the first two months the developing human is referred to as an embryo. The embryo has three layers from which all body organs develop. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 14 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development During the second trimester the developing human is referred to as a fetus. During the third trimester, the individual is a baby. Prenatal Development 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 15 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Early formation of three layers of cells: (1) the ectoderm, from which sense organs and nervous system will develop (2) the mesoderm, from which circulatory, skeletal and muscular systems will develop (3) the endoderm, from which digestive and some glandular systems will develop.. Development of intestinal tract, lungs, liver and kidneys begins. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 16 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Bones and muscle begin to round out contours of body. Face and neck develop and begin to give features a human appearance. Limb buds elongate. Muscles and cartilage develop. Sex organs begin to form. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 17 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Sexual differentiation continues. Vocal cords appear; digestive system shows activity. Stomach cells begin to secrete fluid; liver pours bile into intestine. Kidneys begin functioning, with urine gradually seeping into amniotic fluid. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 18 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Lower parts of body show relatively accelerated rate, so that head size decreases from one-half to one-fourth of body size. Reflexes become more active as muscular maturation continues. Fetus begins to stir and so thrust out arms and legs in movements readily perceived by the mother. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 19 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Skin derivatives also appear -- hair, nails on fingers and toes. Bony axis becomes quite straight and much spontaneous activity occurs. Fetus is lean and wrinkled. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 20 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Eyelids which have been fused shut since third month, reopen; eyes are completely formed. Taste buds appear on tongue and in mouth and are, in fact, more abundant than in the infant or adult. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 21 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development Organism capable of independent life from this time on. Cerebral hemispheres cover almost the entire brain. Sevenmonth fetus can emit a variety of specialized responses. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 22 Approximate Timetable of Prenatal Development During this time, finishing touches are being put on the various organs and functional capacities. Fat is formed rapidly over the entire body, smoothing out the wrinkled skin and rounding out body contours. Activity is usually great and he can change his position within the somewhat crowded uterus. ... and the fetus is eventually expelled from the womb into an independent physiological existence. 22.5.2017 Prof.Dr. Mustafa Ergün 23