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Self and Moral Development Middle Childhood thru Early Adolescence Formations of Self Concept Preschool Early School Age Middle Childhood and Early Adolescence Ratio of aspirations to successes Class activity Social comparisons Cls w/ lower self-esteem will be more effected by external evaluative messages and are more reactive to social feedback Are reluctant to call attention to selves and more self protective Self esteem Competence In important (to the client) domains Plus Social Support Gender, Race, & Ethnicity Girls vs. Boys Minorities Morality 1) Capacity to judge right from wrong 2) Preferring to act in ways judged right NOT THE SAME AS RELIGION Morality Concern for others Sense of justice Trustworthiness Self-control Moral Development Theories Freud’s: Not supported by research Piaget: Not exactly accurate 3-5 yrs; superego; identification Premoral Heteronomous 5-8 Autonomous 8-12 Kohlberg: Not exactly accurate Preconventional Conventional Post-Conventional So what do we know By age 3 children judge moral rules as more serious than conventional rules By 4 to 5 they will not want to break a moral rule even if told to do so by an adult By 9-10 they can classify moral vs conventional rules By adolescence they tend to believe parents have the right to regulate and enforce moral behavior, may have minimal conflict around conventional behavior, and have high conflict around personal rules Altruism Emotions After preschool children: Decentering +understanding others emotions + perspective taking + role taking = increased empathy/sympathy Older children- abstract thinking allows for empathy toward groups not observed Cognitions: need-based reasoning-balancing personal/other needs Pre-school: concern for own needs Early Elem: may see other’s needs & act on them, no guilt Later Elem: recognize helping is required/ socially approved Adol +: sympathy, guilt, duty, self-respect, consistency w/ own values Other Positive self concept (competent & secure) & assertiveness -> altruistic Parenting that promotes Altruism Authoritative w/ mild power assertion & induction Parents modeling pro social values & happiness @ altruism Altruistic role models they respect Provide opportunities for prosocial action Other ways to promote empathy Help empathize w/ other’s distress Focus on other vs. self = self-control Increase affective & cog empathy Balance concern for self w/ concern for others Applications Self esteem Inflated but tentative self-esteem Real vs perceived self dissonance Realistic view of social support Internalized values/standards Parents firm and nurturing Community relationships