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THE ART OF BEING HUMAN 9TH EDITION Chapter 11: Morality “This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program.” Pearson Longman © 2009 DEFINTION Morality – the study of moral systems by which significant choices are made. Moral – an adjective indicating a choice between significant options, based on principles derived from reason, family teachings, education, religion or law. Pearson Longman © 2009 MORALITY IN THE ARTS Moral themes can be found in all the arts. Literature - The Scarlet Letter Cinema – The Godfather Music – Saint Matthew’s Passion Art - Guernica Pearson Longman © 2009 THE MORALITY OF SELFINTEREST Works that consider the question: • Plato – Republic • Sartre – The Respectful Prostitute • Bolt – A Man for All Seasons • O’ Connor – “The Idealist” Pearson Longman © 2009 THE MORALITY OF SELFINTEREST Enlightened Self-Interest • Machiavelli – The Prince • Hobbs - Leviathan Politically enlightened self-interest was the only possible means to a stable and harmonious society. Pearson Longman © 2009 THE MORALITY OF SELFINTEREST Economics and Self-Interest • Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations In a perfect society, people are free to pursue economic self-interest as long as they do not break the law. Greed itself is not immoral but a natural condition of humanity. Pearson Longman © 2009 THE MORALITY OF SELFINTEREST Transcending Self-Interest: Altruism Altruism – the quality of acting out of concern for the welfare of others rather than one’s own. • Dickens's – A Tale of Two Cities • Hemingway – For Whom the Bell Tolls Pearson Longman © 2009 MORAL AUTHORITIES Jeremy Bentham – Moral Mathematics • the greatest good for the greatest numbers • Swift – “ A Modest Proposal” John Stuart Mill – Liberalism • the majority can be wrong, and the government must balance the irresponsibility of the general population. • Mill – The Tyranny of the Majority Pearson Longman © 2009 MORAL AUTHORITIES Immanuel Kant - The Moral Imperative The moral imperative – the inborn capacity to understand what is right and wrong , “the sense of ought.” Choices and actions are morally acceptable and unacceptable. Pearson Longman © 2009 MORAL AUTHORITIES Religion and Morality The major religions of the world – Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam –all provide “moral orientation” for most of the world’s population. Pearson Longman © 2009 MORAL AUTHORITIES Work and Morality The workplace is for many the means to the good life where there is world of friendship, trust and security – qualities of altruism – but it can be an adversarial world of others working for self-interest. Pearson Longman © 2009 MORAL AUTHORITIES Moral Relativism • the belief that right and wrong have no definite universal meaning but must be defined within a given context. • the opposite of moral absolutism, in which actions are right or wrong, regardless of the context. Pearson Longman © 2009 MORAL AUTHORITIES Feminist Morality • Many cultural and religious traditions have been dominated by the male-point of view. • Feminist ethics maintain that universal and impartial standards are difficult to apply when gender differences are ignored. • Women’s ways of feelings and needs may alter the moral nature of situations. Pearson Longman © 2009