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The Child
The Adolescent
The Adult
Social Development
in Infancy and
Childhood
Stranger Anxiety
• The fear of strangers an infant
displays around 8 months of age
Lasts
until
approx.
2 1/2
Attachment
• An emotional tie with another person
resulting in seeking closeness
• Children develop strong attachments to
their parents and caregivers.
• Body contact, familiarity, and
responsiveness all contribute to
attachment.
Factors affecting attachment:
-Neglect, abuse, and
deprivation adversely affect
attachment, however,
differences in normal childrearing practices have no
affect
• Daycare does not affect
attachment
• Temperament, chronic
stress, and rejection can
affect attachment
• Cultural expectations can
also play a role
Harry Harlow
• Researched how
body contact relates
to attachment
• The monkeys had to chose
between a cloth mother or a wire
mother that provided food.
• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
mother…even if the other “mother” gave food!
Parenting Styles
•No one type fits all
•Different results for
different children
Authoritarian Parenting
• Low in warmth,
discipline is strict and
sometimes physical.
• Communication high
from parent to child
and low from child to
parent
• Maturity expectations
are high.
• Results- withdrawn &
distrustful child
Permissive Parenting
• High in warmth
but rarely
discipline
• Communication is
low from parent
to child but high
from child to
parent.
• Expectations of maturity
are low.
• Results- Child with little selfcontrol, dependent on others
Authoritative Parenting
• High in warmth
with moderate
discipline
• High in
communication
and negotiating
• Parents set and
explain rules.
• Maturity expectations
are moderate.
• Results- Self- reliant &
socially responsible child
Role Plays
• In your groups you will
receive a scenario. Using a
role play, describe how an
Authoritative, an
Authoritarian and a
Permissive parent would
respond
Language
Language
• From cooing to
communication
– In first months,
babies are
responsive to
pitch , intensity
and sound of
language; people
talk to babies w/
more varied pitch
and intonation
CLICK PHOTO TO HEAR
“MOTHERESE”
Language
– By 4-6 months, babies
have learned basic
sounds of their
language, and over time
lose ability to perceive
speech sounds in
another language
– Between 6 months to 1 year, babies
enter the babbling phase; infants
become more familiar with the sound
structure of their native language
Starting
around 11
months,
babies
develop
repertoire of
symbolic
gestures;
gestures spur
language
learning
– Between 18 months and 2 years, 2 and 3
word combinations are produced; 1st
combinations have a telegraphic quality
Noam Chomsky –
Is Language
Innate?
• Chomsky observed that children can figure out a
sentence’s deep structure from the surface
structure, therefore the brain must contain a
language acquisition device that enables children
to develop a language if they are exposed to it.
Language (Chomsky –Innate?)
– Children all over the world go through
similar stages of linguistics development
– Children combine words in
ways that adults never would,
so they could not be simply
imitating adults
•Moral Development
• Heinz Dilemma
• After listening to Heinz’s
story, write down what
you think he should have
done and WHY
Lawrence Kohlberg
• The 3 Levels of
Moral
Development
• Moral level is
determined by
answers people
give to
hypothetical moral
dilemmas
Level One – Preconventional
morality (self interest up to 10)
• This level is characterized by the
desire to avoid punishment or gain
reward
–Stage 1 – fear punishment for
disobedience
–Stage 2 – in their best interest to obey
Level 2 – Conventional morality
(10 through Adult)
• This Level is characterized by
the Primary concern of fitting
in and playing the role of a good
citizen
• People have a strong desire to
follow the rules and laws.
• Typical of most adults
– Stage 3 – based on conformity and loyalty
– Stage 4 – a “law-and-order” orientation
Level 3 – Postconventional
(“principled”) morality
(Adolescence- through Adulthood)
• This level characterized by an
appreciation of Universal ethical
principles that represent the rights or
obligations of all people
• Most adults do not reach this level.
– Stage 5 – values and laws are relative and
change; recognition that people hold differing
standards
– Stage 6 – standard based on universal human
rights
• Limitations to theory
1.Stage theory tends to over look
cultural and educational
influences on reasoning
2.People’s moral reasoning is
often inconsistent across
situations
3.Moral reasoning and behavior
are often unrelated
What is Adolescence?
Adolescence
• The period between
childhood and adulthood
• From puberty (the start of
sexual maturation) to
independence from parents
Physical Development
in Adolescence
Puberty
• The period of sexual maturation
where the person becomes
capable of reproducing
• Starts at approximately age 11
in females and age 13 in males
• Major growth spurt
Physical Development
Primary Sex Characteristics
• The body structures that
make sexual reproduction
possible
• Ovaries in females
• Testes in males
Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Nonreproductive sexual
characteristics
• Breasts and hips in females
• Facial hair and voice
changes in males
Sexual Characteristics
Sexual Orientation
• One’s attraction toward people of a
particular gender
• Usually heterosexual or homosexual;
small minority bisexual
Heterosexual
• A sexual orientation in which a person is
attracted to members of the opposite sex
• “straight”
Homosexual
• A sexual orientation in which a person is
attracted to members of the same sex
• Approximately 3-4% of the male
population and 1-2% of the female
population
Social Development
in Adolescence
Erik Erikson
• Constructed an 8stage theory of social
development
• Each stage has its own
psychosocial,
developmental task: a
“crisis”.
Trust v. mistrust
• Infancy to 1 year
• If needs met, infant
develops a sense of
basic trust, otherwise will
develop mistrust
Autonomy v. Shame/Doubt
• 1 to 2 years
• Learn to exercise and do
things for self or they will
doubt their abilities
Initiative v. guilt
• 3 to 5
• Learn to initiate tasks
and carry out plans or
they feel guilty about
efforts to be independent
Competence v. Inferiority
• 6 years to puberty
• Appropriate expectations
develop pride and
competence, negative
experiences may lead to
feelings of inferiority
Identity v. Role Confusion
• Teens into 20s (Adolescence)
• Refining sense of self by
testing roles – challenging
authority eventually find
SELF or become confused
about who they are
Intimacy v. Isolation
• 20s to 40s (Young Adulthood)
• Forming close
relationships
• Deeper love or socially
isolated
Generativity v. Stagnation
• 40s to 60s (Middle Adulthood)
• Discover sense of
contributing to the world or
they may feel lack of
purpose
Ego integrity v. Despair
• 60 and up
• Reflecting on life either
feel satisfied or failure
Social Development
in Adolescence:
Developing Identity
Identity
• A strong, consistent sense of
who and what a person is, search
through:
–Experimentation
–Rebellion
–“Self”-ishness
–Optimism and energy
Intimacy
• A close, sharing, emotional,
and honest relationship with
other people (primary task of
early adulthood)
• Not necessarily one’s spouse
or a sexual relationship
Adulthood
–How easily one passes
between stages depends on
cultural and economic factors
–Erickson showed that
development is an ongoing
process that is never finished
Are Adults Prisoners of Childhood?
• Traumatized children are more
likely to have emotional and
behavioral problems
• Evidence from the following
suggest that negative effects
are not inevitable
• Partnerships formed
• Parenthood
• Work (double shift)
• Midlife crisis/transition
• Menopause
• Retirement
• Change in relationshipsempty nest, death of
family & friends
Death Denying culture
• Stages of Dying
• (D-A-B-D-A)
• Kubler-Ross