Download Botany The Study of Plants Rhonda Ferree Extension Educator

Botany
The Study of Plants
Rhonda Ferree
Extension Educator
in Horticulture
Plant Classification
Plant Kingdom
No vascular
system
Vascular
plants
Seedless Plants
(ferns, etc.)
Mosses
Liverworts
Seeded Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
B-1
Let’s Identify Plants
Tools to Use
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Field Guides
Diagnostic key
Smart Apps
Experience
Seek out help
Additional resources?
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Hand lens
Camera
GPS
Knife or pruning shears
Collection container
Ruler
Rhonda Identification Steps
• Study…know the lingo
• Identify by characteristics of…
– Leaves
– Stem
– Roots
– Flowers
• Narrow to family or species
Leaf Arrangement
Leaf Forms
Leaf Shapes
Leaf Differences
Stem
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Bark type
Color
Size
Hollow or solid
Buds
Bud Characteristics
Root Types
Taproot
Fibrous
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Flower Inflorescence
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Type
Color
Size
Timing of bloom
Fruit Type
• Matured ovary with
other floral parts
• Simple fruits – achene,
pod, nut, hip, samara,
berry, drupe, pepo,
pome
Nomenclature
• Scientific name – unique!
– Genus species ‘Cultivar’
– Genus species variety
• Common name – many!
Acer platanoides 'Crimson King'
Crimson King Norway maple
Picea pungens var. glauca
Blue Colorado spruce
Let’s Go…
1. Identify a plant
2. Use a variety of methods
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iPad app
Diagnostic key
• Form four groups
• Take 10 -15 minutes
• Regroup and share with the
class what you learned
- Book
- Other means
Plants Behaving
Badly
Invasives
• Exotics vs. Natives
• Illinois Exotic Weed Act
– Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
– Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
– Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
– SIX Buckthorns
– Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
Indicator Plant
Coefficient of Conservation
• 0 (weed) to 10 (high-quality plants)
• How would you rate the following?
– Garlic mustard in a wooded setting?
– Decurrent false aster along Illinois River?
– Autumn olive along roadside?
– Gooseberry in woods?
plants.usda.gov
AVOID “Wicked” Plants
Dermally Poisonous Plants
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Poison ivy…Leaves of THREE, Let it Be!
Poison oak
Poison sumac
Poison parsnip
See Handout
Poison Ivy – prefers shade
 3 leaflets
 All parts
poisonous
Ingested Plant Poisons
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Poison Hemlock
Wild Snakeroot
Mushrooms
Pokeberry
Allergenic Plant Pollen
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What is pollen
Time of year
Pollen distribution
Allergenic rating of plants
Have FUN!
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Seeded Plants
Gymnosperms
(naked seed)
Angiosperms
Conifers
Ginkgo
Dicots
Monocots
Cycads
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Describe YOUR plant
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Vascular or no vascular system?
Seed or seedless plant?
Angiosperm or gymnosperm?
Monocot or dicot?
Toxonomy of Plants
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Kingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Specific epithet
Variety or Cultivar
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B-4
Binomial Nomenclature
• Latinized names
– Universality
– Uniqueness
• Genus – capitalized, italicized
• specific epithet – lower case, italicized
• Examples: Quercus alba, Quercus macrocarpa
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Name YOUR Plant
• Kingdom 
– Division 
• Class 
– Order 
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Family 
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Genus 
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Species 
Descriptive Plant Terms
• Woody or herbaceous?
• Tree, shrub, or vine?
• Annual, biennial, or perennial?
– Describe YOUR plant
B-5
Four Basic Plant Parts & Functions
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Roots
Stems
Leaves
Flowers (produce fruits with seeds)
Roots - Functions
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Absorb nutrients and moisture
Anchor plant in growing medium
Serve as food storage
Provide means of propagation
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B-6
Stems - Functions
• Framework for leaves
• Framework for
vascular transport
• Store excess food
• Reproduction
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B-6
Stem External Features
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Node
Internode
Bud Scale Scar
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Leaves - Functions
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Absorb sunlight energy
Manufacture food for plant
Temperature control
Moisture regulation
Gas exchange
Reproduction
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B-9
Leaf Arrangement
Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
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Leaf Types
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Simple
Pinnately compound
Palmately compound
Twice-pinnately compound
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B-10
Parts of a Compound Leaf
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Types of Compound Leaves
• Palmate
Pinnate
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Leaf Shapes
• Know the terminiology
– Ovate
– Narrowly elliptic
– Lanceolate
– Obovate
– Detoid
Leaf Venation
Parallel
Netted
Pinnate
Palmate
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B-11
Leaf Margins
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Pinnately lobed
Entire
Crenate
Serrate
Dentate
Leaf Modifications
• Tendrils
Spines
Bracts
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Describe YOUR leaf
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Arrangement?
Type?
Shape?
Venation?
Margin?
Flower Parts
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B-12
Pollination
• Pollination - transfer of
pollen from anther to
stigma
• Types of pollination
– wind, insect,
– other (animals)
• Fertilization – union of
male sperm from pollen
with egg in ovary
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Fruits
• Matured ovary with other floral parts
• Simple fruits – achene, pod, nut, hip, samara, berry,
drupe, pepo, pome
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B-14
Fruits
Compound fruits – aggregate, multiple
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Seed Germination
• Two step process:
– Water absorption (imbibition)
– Enzyme activation
• External factors affecting:
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Water
Oxygen
Temperature
(Light)
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Seed Dormancy
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Failure to grow under
favorable condition
Physiological immaturity –
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After-ripening
Stratification
Impermeable seed coat –
Scarification
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Read about…
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Photosynthesis
Respiration
Transpiration
Vascular system
Growth and Development