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CHAPTER NEW CHAPTER Reproduction the BIG idea Reproductive systems allow the production of offspring. 9.1 Organisms reproduce in different ways. 9.2 Plants can reproduce in several ways. 9.3 Human reproduction is a complex process. CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER RESOURCES 9.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Organisms reproduce in different ways. VOCABULARY gamete gamete A sperm or egg cell, containing half the usual number of chromosomes of an organism (one chromosome from each pair), which is found only in the reproductive organs of an organism. fertilization zygote CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Organisms reproduce in different ways. VOCABULARY gamete fertilization Part of the process of reproduction in which a male reproductive cell and a female reproductive cell combine to make a new cell that can develop into a new organism. fertilization zygote CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.1 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Organisms reproduce in different ways. VOCABULARY gamete zygote A fertilized egg formed by the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell; a zygote can develop into a mature individual. fertilization zygote CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.1 CHAPTER HOME KEY CONCEPT Organisms reproduce in different ways. • All living things can produce offspring. VOCABULARY • Asexual reproduction is efficient, but offspring lack genetic diversity. gamete • Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in offspring. zygote fertilization Page 313 CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation vegetative propagation A form of asexual reproduction in plants, in which offspring are produced from nonreproductive tissues such as leaves, stems, and roots. pollen seed embryo ovule fruit CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation pollen Tiny multicellular grains that contain the undeveloped sperm cells of a plant. pollen seed embryo ovule fruit CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation seed A plant embryo that is enclosed in a protective coating and has its own source of nutrients. pollen seed embryo ovule fruit CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation embryo A multicellular organism, plant or animal, in its earliest stages of development. pollen seed embryo ovule fruit CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation ovule A structure in a female reproductive system that holds an immature egg cell. pollen seed embryo ovule fruit CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation fruit The ripened ovary of a flowering plant that contains the seeds. pollen seed embryo ovule fruit CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.2 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Plants can reproduce in several ways. - Some plants reproduce using spores, while others use pollen and seeds to produce offspring. - A seed provides protection and nutrients for the plant embryo. VOCABULARY vegetative propagation pollen seed embryo ovule - In angiosperms, flowers produce pollen. Flowers and fruit attract animals. fruit Page 322 CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE 9.3 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Human reproduction is a complex process. VOCABULARY menstruation menstruation A period of about five days during which blood and tissue exit the female mammal’s body. placenta umbilical cord fetus CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.3 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Human reproduction is a complex process. VOCABULARY menstruation placenta An organ that transports materials between a pregnant female mammal and the offspring developing inside her body. placenta umbilical cord fetus CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.3 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Human reproduction is a complex process. VOCABULARY menstruation umbilical cord A long tube in a pregnant female mammal that connects the developing offspring to the placenta. placenta umbilical cord fetus CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.3 KEY CONCEPT CHAPTER HOME Human reproduction is a complex process. VOCABULARY menstruation fetus The developing human embryo from eight weeks to birth. placenta umbilical cord fetus CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY 9.3 CHAPTER HOME KEY CONCEPT Human reproduction is a complex process. • The female produces eggs, and the male produces sperm. • Fertilization leads to pregnancy. • Following fertilization, the fetus develops over a period of about nine months. VOCABULARY menstruation placenta umbilical cord fetus Page 332 CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE