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Kingdom Plantae BSC 2011C – Fund of Bio II Spring 2007 – J. Laborda Introduction • Botany • Importance of the Plant Kingdom – It provides a majority of our food – It provides a majority of our energy – Plants produce some of our oxygen – Plants provide a variety of products – Plants are also important to us in a sort of spiritual way, a source of beauty, comfort, relaxation, etc… Introduction • Basic Plant Kingdom Information – Cellular Structure • Eukaryotic and Multicellular • Cell walls are present made of cellulose • Most have chlorophyll (green) and other pigments within chloroplasts • Carry out photosynthesis • They are autotrophs Introduction • Basic Plant Kingdom Information (cont) – Reproduction • They reproduce sexually, though many also have forms of asexual reproduction Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups • The kingdom is currently divided into 10 phyla – See Appendix D in Campbell/Reece text • These 10 phyla can be placed into three major groups – Nonvascular plants – Vascular plants without seeds – Vascular plants with seeds Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups (cont) – Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes) • Lack vascular tissues • There are currently three phyla in this group – Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts) – Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) – Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups (cont) – Vascular plants without seeds • A seed contains a young plant and stored food inside a protective seed coat • There are currently two phyla in this group: – Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) – Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Introduction • Three Major Plant Groups (cont) – Vascular plants with seeds (contains two subgroups) • Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) – – – – Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) • Flowering plants (Angiosperms) – Phylum Anthophyta Plant Classification • Nonvascular Plants – At one time all nonvascular plants were classified in phylum bryophyta – The word bryophyta means “moss plant” – This group (nonvascular plants) contains the mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Anthocerophyta) – Epiphytes Mosses Moss Moss Moss Plant Classification • Nonvascular Plants (cont) • Life cycle of a moss: – It illustrates “alternation of generations” – The two generations (act of producing) are: » Gametophyte generation - multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation » Sporophyte generation – the multicellular diplid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss (layer 3) Raindrop Key Male gametophyte Sperm “Bud” Page 581 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridia Protonemata “Bud” Gametophyte Egg Spores Gametophore Female gametophyte Peristome Arcl egonia Rhizoid Sporangium MEIOSIS Mature Mature sporophytes sporophytes Seta FERTILIZATION Capsule (sporangium) Calyptra Zygote (within archegonium) Embryo Sporophyte Foot Archegonium Young sporophytes Capsule with peristome (LM) Female gametophytes Antheridia Archegonia Young sporophyte Plant Classification • Nonvascular Plants (cont) – Economic importance of the nonvascular plants (bryophytes)??? Plant Classification • Vascular Plants Without Seeds – These are plants with vascular tissues for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant – This group (vascular plants w/o seeds) contains the lycophytes (Lycophyta), ferns, horsetails, & whisk ferns (Pterophyta) – Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) – Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Ferns (pterophytes – true ferns ?filicinophytes?) Horsetails (pterophytes – ?sphenophytes?) Whisk ferns pterophytes (?psilophytes?) Whisk fern in San Fran Psilotum nudum bearing sporangia Plant Classification • Vascular Plants Without Seeds (cont) – They do not produce seeds, but rather spores – Spores are a single cell with a protective coat • The life cycle of a fern 1 Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. Key 2 The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. 3 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridium Page 585 Spore MEIOSIS Young gametophyte Sporangium Archegonium Mature sporophyte New sporophyte Sperm Egg Zygote Sporangium FERTILIZATION Sorus 6 On the underside of the sporophyte‘s reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia. Gametophyte Fiddlehead Figure 29.12 5 A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. 4 Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. Fern Antheridium Fern Archegonium Fern sori Fern sporangia Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds – Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) • The seeds of a gymnosperm are not enclosed in an ovary • They lie on tiny shelves – – – – Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) – Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Coniferophyta • Several families of conifers in this phylum – – – – Pine family: pines, cedars, spruces, furs Cypress family: cypresses & junipers Yew family: yews Redwood family: redwoods, sequoias, bald cypresses (have needles instead of scales like the Cypress Family) The Life Cycle of a Pine Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Ovule Megasporocyte (2n) Ovulate cone Pollen cone Integument Longitudinal section of ovulate cone Micropyle Microsporocytes (2n) Mature sporophyte (2n) Pollen grains (n) (containing male gametophytes) MEIOSIS Longitudinal section of pollen cone Megasporangium Germinating pollen grain Sporophyll MEIOSIS Surviving megaspore (n) Microsporangium Seedling Germinating pollen grain Archegonium Egg (n) Female gametophyte Seeds on surface of ovulate scale Germinating pollen grain (n) Food reserves (gametophyte tissue) (n) Seed coat (derived from parent sporophyte) (2n) Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Pollen tube Figure 30.6 Embryo (new sporophyte) (2n) FERTILIZATION Egg nucleus (n) Integument Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) – Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) – e.g., Sago palm – female pic above right, see p. 594 for a great pic of a male cycad – About 130 species left today…much more diverse in the past Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) – Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgos) – Ginkgo biloba is the only extant species » Male & female plants are separate, females put out a real bad smell » Males are prized as an ornamental » The fan-shaped leaves turn gold in autumn Ginkgo biloba Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) – Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) • Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) (only 3 families) – EPHEDRACEAE » Ephedra 40 species. Europe to China, Mexico and US, S. America. – GNETACEAE » Gnetum 28 species. Indomalesia, amazonian S. America, tropical W. Africa. – WELWITSCHIACEAE » Welwitschia One species (W. mirabilis) of Angola and SW Africa. Ephedra viridis Ephedra sinica Gnetum Welwitschia mirabilis Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds – Flowering plants (Angiosperms) • Seeds enclosed in an ovary • Only one phylum – P. Anthophyta • Mature ovary called a “fruit” – E.g., oranges, tomatoes, corn kernels, pea pods – Only one phylum = Phylum Anthophyta Fruits Life Cycle of an Angiosperm Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Microsporangium Anther Microsporocytes (2n) Mature flower on sporophyte plant (2n) MEIOSIS Microspore (n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Generative cell Tube cell Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Ovary Pollen grains MEIOSIS Germinating Seed Stigma Megasporangium (n) Embryo (2n) Pollen tube Sperm Endosperm (food Supply) (3n) Surviving megaspore (n) Seed Seed coat (2n) Style Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n) Pollen tube Zygote (2n) Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n) Pollen tube Egg Nucleus (n) Sperm (n) FERTILIZATION Discharged sperm nuclei (n) Generic Flower Carpel Stigma Anther Style Stamen Ovary Filament Petal Sepal Receptacle Ovule Plant Classification • Vascular Plants With Seeds – Flowering plants (Angiosperms) (cont) • Phylum Anthophyta – divided into two classes: – Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots) – Class Eudicotyledonae (eudicots) (the old Dicotyledonae – dicots) [see p. 602-603] Monocots Dicots Seeds One cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons Leaves Parallel venation Netted venation Stems Vascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring Roots Usually fibrous Usually a taproot Pollen Pollen grain with one opening Pollen grain with three openings Flower parts usually in multiples of three Flower parts usually in multiples of four or five Flowers Monocot Eudicot - Dicot Monocot = fibrous Eudicot = tap Monocot pollen Plant Anatomy • Introduction – Plant parts can be termed as “woody” or “herbaceous” • Woody parts • Herbaceous parts – Whole plants can be termed as “woody” or “herbaceous” • Herbaceous plants • Woody plants Plant Anatomy • Plant Organs – Vegetative organs – Reproductive organs Plant Anatomy • Plant Tissues – Meristematic tissues = all one type of cells able to carry on mitosis • Apical meristem • Lateral meristem – Vascular tissues = made of more than one type of cell. They conduct water and dissolved materials • Xylem carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to stems and leaves • Phloem carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other parts of the plant Plant Anatomy • Plant Tissues (cont) – Structural tissues = tissues that carry on photosynthesis and/or form the structural parts of plants • E.g., Epidermis (covers & protects) in more herbaceous plants • E.g., Periderm – Cork tissues (protects, waterproofs) replaces epidermis in woody plants Plant Anatomy • The Leaf – Probably two most important functions: • Trapping energy of sun • Photosynthesis (production of sugars) Plant Anatomy • The Leaf (cont) – Cuticle – Epidermis – Chloroplasts – Stomata w/guard cells Falling Leaves • Deciduous Trees – Have an abscission layer at base of petiole – Leaf scar – Loss of green color due to lack of water to leaves during death of abscission layer…less bountiful colors will show through as result • Some colors, such as red, blues, violets only are produced when temps around 40 degrees • Some species do not produce other pigments…so when chlorophyll is lacking, they appear brown due to the tannic acid in all trees Falling Leaves • Evergreens – Most coniferous trees do not lose leaves till Spring when new leaves have already grown…thus appear always green Plant Growth Time Factors • Annual plants – Sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds in one growing season – Most herbaceous plants are annuals • Biennial plants – Sprout & grow in first growing season – Flowers & produces seeds in second growing season • Perennial plants – Grows year after year – Most woody plants are perennials – Some herbaceous plants are perennials The Root • Functions of Roots – Anchoring – Absorption – Transportation – Food Storage The Root • Root Systems – Taproot system (e.g., carrots, oak trees) – Fibrous root system – Adventitious roots arising from stems The Root • Growth of a Root – Longitudinal section of a root tip • • • • Root cap Meristematic region Elongation region Maturation region The Root • Growth of a Root – Primary tissues (made during the primary growth of a root) • • • • Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular tissues – Vascular cylinder in eudicots – Spread out in monocots The Root • Growth of a Root – Primary tissues (made during the primary growth of a root) • Vascular tissues (cont) – – – – Xylem Phloem Cambium Pericycle The Stem • Functions of Stems – Manufacture and display leaves – Conduct materials to leaves for photosynthesis and growth, and to roots for growth – Most carry on photosynthesis when young, and a few as adults (e.g., cacti) The Stem • External Anatomy of a Stem – Bud scales – Apical bud (terminal bud) – Lateral bud – Internode – Bud scale scars – Leaf scar – Lenticels End of Plant Unit Some additional material covered in lab