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Transcript
Chapter 27 Reproduction in Flowering Plants Topics: 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Sexual Reproductive Strategies Seed Development Fruits and Seeds Asexual Reproductive Strategies Read Textbook Ch 27 and pages 569-572 Read Cliffs AP Book Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Life Cycle of flowering Plant – Alternation of generations • Sporophyte (2n) – Dominant in flowering plants – plant we recognize – Diploid – produces haploid spore by meiosis • Gametophyte (n) – Haploid- produces diploid zygote – Small and not independently living (is independent in mosses and ferns) – (Dominant in mosses) – Flowering plants’ sperm do not require water to fertilize egg – mosses and ferns do Memory device: meggagametophyte Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Flower parts – “Female”-ovary and egg • Pistil (some texts call a carpel) – Stigma – Style – Ovary (with ovules) – “Male” – produces pollen grain • staMEN – Anther (MANther) – filaMENt – Petals – Sepals Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Pistils SEM http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/bi odic/ImDicot.html Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Wild peoni – Many stamen and 3 pistils Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Three carpels fused to form a compound pistil – When pistil contains only one carpel, then pistil and carpel are synonymous Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • A single pistil consisting of several fused carpels (A) and several pistils each consisting of a single carpel (B) Carpel is ovule bearing unit. Ovary may have one or more carpels. http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/flowers/flowerparts2.htm Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • • Sporophyte (flower) produces haploid spores (microspore and megaspore) by meiosis Microspore produces microgametophyte (pollen grains “male”) and megaspore produces megagametophtye (eggs “female”) by mitosis. (sometimes also called macrogametophyte) • When pollen and egg come together – fertilization – diploid zygote is formedplant returns to sporophyte stage Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Megaspore (female embryo sac) development Functional megaspore divides by mitosis to become: One egg cell Two synergid cells One central cell with two polar nuclei Three antipodal cells http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Angiosperm.html Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies Synergid cells – guide pollen tube Polar nuclei – become endosperm once fertilized Ovum – egg sporophyte Antipodal nuclei- no known function – degenerate eventually Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Microspore development (male pollen) http://www.ualr.edu/~botany/pollendev.gif Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Pollen grain formation Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Pollen Sac (in anther) SEM http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/biodic/ImDicot.html Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Allergenic Pollen (SEM x1,000). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at www.DennisKunkel.com, Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Pollination and Fertilization – – – – – – – – Pollen usually wind blown (in flowering plants) Pollen sticks on sticky stigma Pollen grain contains one generative cell and one tube cell (each haploid) Generative cell divides by mitosis to produce two sperm cells Tube cell forms a tube that grows down to the megagametophyte (embryo sac) One sperm joins with egg to form zygote Other sperm joins with both polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants Zygote becomes sporophyte embryo Ovule matures into seed and seed coat Ovary becomes the fruit Fertilization animation ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology animations\PlantFertilization.mov Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Fertilization From: http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/NewFiles/animation%203801.swf Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies • Pollination – Animals, wind Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.2 Seed Development Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.2 Seed Development • Embryo Development – (seed development animation) – Endosperm nucleus divides to become endosperm tissue – Zygote divides into embryo (which will develop cotyledons) and suspender which will transfer nutrients to the embryo Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.2 Seed Development • Cotyledons – Monocot • Has one • Doesn’t store food just passes it from the endosperm to the embryo – Dicot • Has two • Store nutrients to feed embryo • Epicotyl – Area between cotyledon(s) and first leaves • Hypocotyl – Below cotyledon(s) – stem development • Radicle – Contributes to root development Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Embryo Development Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal • Fruits and Seeds – Seeds • – Fruit • • – Ovary and sometimes surrounding floral parts Fruit=mature ovary that usually contains seeds. Many types and varieties of fruits • • • – – embryo plus endosperm plus surrounding ovule (seed coat) Simple (derived from one ovarysimple or compound)– apples peaches Compound (develop from several individual ovaries) – blackberry, strawberry Grains (corn, wheat,rice, beans, nuts etc.) are dry fruits Fruit animation Good fruit type site: http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotr ee/fruit/fruittypeswin.htm Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal www.caosclub.org/ members/plan22.html Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal • Seed dispersal – Many varied ingenious mechanisms • • • • Explosive Wind Water Animals Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal • Seed germination – Needs sufficient water, warmth and oxygen – Needs correct chemical regulators – Some need mechanical actions (washing, bacteria, fire) – Some need period of dormancy Dicot- –if epicotyl – All work together to have seed germinate when it is most likely to bends – cotyledons Dicot- –if hypocotyl stay below ground. survive. bends – cotyledons come above ground. Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal • Germination in monocots and dicots – – – – Embryo breaks out of seed coat Epicotyle bears young leaves called plumule Monocot tip protcted by coleoptile – dicot bends Phytochromes (ch 38) stimulate leaf growth Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal Germination movies: Corn ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\Germination corn.mov Sunflower ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\Germination sunflower.mov Photomorphism in sunflowers: Sunflowers in light ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\Germinating sunflower dark.mov Sunflowers in dark ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology movies\Germinating sunflower light.mov Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.4 Asexual Reproduction Strategies • Vegetative propagation – Can occur naturally – Can be “human induced” • Tissue culture • Capitalize on fact that plant cells are totipotent – This is possible because plants contain non differentiated meristematic tissue Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Tissue Culture Animation Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants 27.4 Asexual Reproduction Strategies • Genetic engineering in plants – Previously, hybridization, the crossing of different varieties or species of plants, was used to produce plants with desirable traits. – Now can just ‘insert the gene” – Can produce plants with • Resistance to disease and herbicides • More nutritious • Ability to make human hormones, clotting factors and antibodies – The sky is the limit, but some advise great caution Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Transgenic Plants Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Transgenic Plants- Gene Gun Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Evolutionary Overview • algae mosses ferns gymnosperms angiosperms – Ferns are over 360 million years old – were around way before the dinosaur (about 220mya) • avascular seedless (mosses, liverworts, hornworts- which are all bryophytes) vascular seedless (ferns) vascular with seeds (gymnosperms and angiosperms) • gymnosperms (pine trees etc) with naked seeds angiosperms (flowering plants) with seeds inside ovaries • Mosses and ferns need water (externally) for fertilization, seeded plants don’t • • Gametophyte (haploid) generation dominant in mosses. Sporophyte generation dominant in vascular plants (ferns, angosperms and gymnosperms). Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants • In ferns and mosses, the sporophyte and gametophyte generations are represented by two greatly different plants. – Among mosses, a sporophyte consists of a long, rigid stalk with a spore-producing container at the end, extending from the top of a soft, leafy, green gametophyte. The sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for food and water. When we think of the green carpet of mosses, it is the gametophyte we are seeing. – The ferns sporophytes have leaves which are much larger than the gametophytes. They have clusters of sporangia, where the spores develop, called sori form on the edges or underside of each leaf. – After the spores ripen, they fall to the ground and grow into gametophytes. A fern gametophyte produces both male and female sex cells, and if enough moisture is present, a sperm cell swims to an egg cell and unites with it. – Once fertilized, the egg grows into an adult sporophyte. • From: http://www.ecoworld.com/plants/EcoWorld_Plants_Home5.cf m Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Gymnosperm Life Cycle Link to animation: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp30/30020.html Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Gymnosperm Life Cycle Animation Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Chapter 27 Reproduction in Plants Gametophyte (bottom) vs Sporophyte (top) in various “plants” Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mosses (bryophytes) avascular seedless • http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_2_moss_ferns/MossandFern_Diversity. html In mosses, the sporophyte is small and at least partially erect, with very little specialization of cells and tissues, specifically, no true leaves, stems, or roots. The moss gametophyte has a shoot portion that appears leafy, and has rhizoids which emerge from its base to attach it to the substratum upon which it grows. Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mosses avascular seedless Sporophyte (diploid) Gametophyte (haploid) Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mosses avascular seedless Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Moss Life Cycle Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Life cycle of a Moss Animation Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Ferns The ferns sporophytes , which are much larger than the gametophyte, have clusters of sporangia (inside sori), on their leaves, where the haploid spores develop. After the spores ripen, they fall to the ground and grow into heart shaped gametophytes. A fern gametophyte produces both male and female sex cells, and if enough moisture is present, a sperm cell swims to an egg cell and unites with it. Once fertilized, the egg grows into an adult sporophyte Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Ferns vascular seedless Sporangia (in sori) on underside of fern leaf Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Ferns vascular seedless Sporophyte (diploid) Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Fern Life Cycle animation ..\..\Biology\Biology Clipart Movies Animations Sounds\Biology animations\FernLifeCycle[1].mov http://flightline.highline.edu/jbetzzall/BI100/animations/fern_life_cycl e_v2.html Gametophyte with new sporophyte growing Heart shaped haploid gametophyte Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Fern Life Cycle Animation Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Sporophyte (diploid) Gametophyte (haploid) Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Ferns vascular seedless Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 The End Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013 Mills AP Bio 2003/2013