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Kingdom Plantae
Chapter 22
Plants are divided into 2 categories:
 Vascular – have internal tissues to
conduct nutrients and water.
 Nonvascular - do not have internal
tissues to conduct nutrients and
water.
Overview – 295,000+ species
 Photoautotrophs and a few
photoheterotrophs.
 Plants are producers for the
ecosystem.
Stages of a plants lifecycle:
 The haploid phase is referred to as
gametophyte because it is a gamete
producing body.
 The gametes combine during
fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
 The diploid zygote develops into the
sporophyte because it produces haploid
spores.
 These spores later divides and gives
rise to gametophytes.
Bryophytes – non vascular plants
Less than 20 cm tall
 Have leaf-like, stem-like, and rootlike parts
 They can dry out and then revive
after absorbing moisture.
 Have rhizoids

Mosses
Liverworts
Bryophyte examples cont…
 Hornwort
Seedless Vascular Plants
 Whisk Ferns
(Psilophyta)
 Have rhizomes
to hold them to
the ground and
absorb
nutrients.
Lycophyta – Club Mosses
 Years ago
these included
tree size
members of
swamp forests.
 Today there are
about 1,100 tiny
species.
Lycophyte Forest Model
Sphenophyta – Horsetails
 About 25
species exist
today.
 Live in vacant
lots, roadsides,
and other
disrupted
habitats.
Pterophyta – Ferns (12,000 sp)
 Most are native to
tropical areas, but
they are also
popular
houseplants.
 Can range in size
from 1cm across
to 25 meters tall.
Fern Spores
The leaves are
called fronds. On
the lower part of the
frond leaflets there
are small rust
colored patches
called sori (sorus),
which are
responsible for
producing spores.
Rise of Seed Bearing Plants
 There are two groups of seed
bearing plants: Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms
 Microspores develop into pollen
grains
 Megaspores develop into eggs
(ovules) that will get fertilized within
the ovary to become seeds.
 Pollination is the arrival of pollen on
the female reproductive organ
 Pollen and ovule combine during
fertilization to make a seed
(embryo)
Gymnosperms – Seed bearing plants
 Conifers – woody trees or shrubs
that produce needle-like leaves and
have seeds exposed on cone
scales.
 Most conifers are evergreen – they
shed a few leaves all year, but
some are deciduous – they shed all
of their leaves in cold weather.
 The most abundant – pine trees,
Tallest – redwoods, Oldest –
Bristlecone pine.
Gingko
 They were very
diverse in
dinosaur times.
 Only surviving
species is the
Gingko biloba.
They are
deciduous.
Gnetophyta
 Gnetum trees
have leathery
leaves and exist
in the humid
tropics. Ephedra
thrives in
California deserts
and other arid
regions.
Angiosperms
 Produce specialized reproductive
structures called flowers.
 Angeion refers to the female
reproductive parts at the center of
the flower.
 The enlarged base of the vessel is
the ovary where ovules and seeds
develop.
 At least 260,000 species live in a
variety of habitats.
 They are divided into two
categories: Monocots and Dicots
 180,000 dicots most are
herbaceous (nonwoody). Cabbages
and daisies, flowering shrubs and
trees, water lilies and cacti.
 80,000 species of monocots.
Orchids, palms, lilies, grasses, and
highly valuable crop plants.
Trait
Dicots
Monocots
Embryo
Two cotyledons (seed
leaves)
One cotyledon (seed
leaf)
Flowers
Parts in 4 / 5
Parts in 3x
Roots
Taproot
Fibrous
Leaf Veins
Net
Parallel
Works Cited
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http://smccd.net/accounts/case/biol215/img/altern_gen1.gif
http://www.botany.ubc.ca/bryophyte/shona_urban_concrete1_crop2.jpg
http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3env100y/env/ENV100/sci/eco_gifs/liver
wort.jpg
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Bryophytes/Anthocerophyta/Ho
rnwort_w_sporophytes.low.jpg
http://www.grand-bahama.com/GBimages/whisk%20fern2.jpg
www.paghat.com/images/ clubmosscyclashell_mar.jpg
www.anselm.edu/.../ genbios/29-21x2-Horsetail.jpg
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/sori.jpg
www.ct-botanical-society.org/ ferns/fernpics/
http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg
www.stanford.edu/.../ antiox/f_k01ginkgo.jpg
universe-review.ca/R10-34-anatomy2.htm
 http://share3.esd105.wednet.edu/rsandelin/N
Wnature/2006/Photos/Bee.jpg
 http://www.crexmeadows.org/_derived/past_i
nsects_of_the_week.htm_txt_Monarch.gif
 http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pol
linator-of-the-month/images/rubythroat/rubythroated_hummingbird_lg.jpg
 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics
/a-b/bat_LLN_TuttleBCI02.jpg