Download Energy and the Biosphere

Energy and the Biosphere
Producers are the basis of all
ecosystems on the planet!
Ecosystem: all of the living and
nonliving factors that exist together in
a particular environment.
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How is energy transferred
through an ecosystem: 10% Rule
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Productivity
• The amount of energy
plants capture and
make available to a
given ecosystem.
• Which is more
productive--A
rainforest or a desert?
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How is the sun’s energy
captured?
• Photosynthesis:
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– Process producers use
to transfer energy from
sunlight into chemical
energy (glucose)
– This process UNITES
all photosynthetic
producers!
Diversity of photosynthetic
organisms
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• Cyanobacteria
• Algae
– Phytoplankton (single
celled
– Multicellular Algae
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Moss
Fern
Gymnosperms (pines)
Angiosperms
(flowering plants)
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Cladogram
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• Shows relationship of
true plants to algae
ancestor.
• What would the
common ancestor of
both plants and algae
be similar to?
Structure meets function in plants
• Plant organs--Observe
your plant organ and
see if you can describe
– Structure
– Function
– How structure meets
function
Flowers, roots, stems,
leaves!!!
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Flowers
• Function:
Reproduction
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• Structure meets
function: Attractive
petals entice
pollinators
Roots
• Functions
– Take in water
– Store sugar
• Structure Meets
Function: root hairs
increase surface area
for absorption
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Stems
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• Functions:
– Transport water up (xylem)
sugar down (phloem)
– Can be modified for storage
(potatoes)
• Structure meets function:
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– Filled with tubes that allow
cohesion and adhesion of
water (xylem)
Leaves
• Function: Photosynthesis
• Structure meets function: contains specialized
mesophyll cells that have chloroplasts. Also waxy
cuticle keeps leaf from getting waterlogged.
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Photosynthesis Equation
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• What must the plants have to capture the energy of
sunlight and therefore allow this reaction?
Chlorophyll
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• Absorption
• Reflection
• A red shirt absorbs blue and green light and reflects red
light!
• What type of light energy does chlorophyll absorb?
Organization of the
Photosynthesis Reaction
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Organization within the
Chloroplast
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Thlakoid: Membrane containing
chlorophyll. Location of the light
reactions
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Stroma:
Cytoplasm of
chloroplast.
Location of
Calvin Cycle
What is the role of the light
reactions
• Charge up ATP battery
• Needs light and
chlorophyll
• Uses the splitting of
water to provide
electrons to run an
electron transport chain
and make ATP
• Waste product is oxygen
gas!
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What is the role of the Calvin
Cycle?
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• Add the H’s from
water to the CO2 gas
plants take in and
make sugar!
• A 3-carbon sugar is
made; two combine to
make C6H12O6glucose!
• Does not need light!
In your own words…
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• Describe producers
transfer light energy
into chemical energy.
• A proficient answer
discusses both the
plant and what is
happening in the
chloroplast
Interactions between organisms
within an ecosystem
• A biological
community are all of
the living things
interacting in an
ecosystem.
• Food webs display this
interaction.
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Food web--How are these
organisms related?
Identify:
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Decomposer
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Transfer of Energy
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• What is the
significance of the
way the arrows point?
• Identify 3 transfers of
energy/matter:
– Photosynthesis
– Respiration
– Decomposition
Compare and Contrast
• Compare and contrast
photosynthesis and
respiration.
• Make sure to include
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–
–
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Organism level
Ecosystem level
Cellular level
Examples both
structure and function
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