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Transcript
How Do Scientists Classify Organisms? Chapter 1 Lesson 1 6 Kingdoms 2 for bacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals Dichotomous Key Dichotomous means “divided into two parts. The key always gives two characteristics to choose between Think of it like a tree trunk with a series of smaller branches Bacteria Single cell Cells lack nucleus – Classified as Prokaryotes (before the nucleus) Most numerous type of organism Smallest living things Very numerous Live almost anywhere Are bacteria useful? Can you name a disease caused by a Bacteria? Bacteria – The 2 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Meaning “ancient bacteria”: living on this earth longer then any other organism!! Live under conditions deadly to other living things Do you think these organisms are find in the Dead Sea? Eubacteria- The “weaker” bacteria This can not general survive extreme conditions. Example: E. Coli One cell but cell function complex Variety of ways to obtain food – Some use the Sun’s energy to make food – Others get food from eating living and nonliving materials. Protists May have a single cell or many cells – But even single celled Protists have a nuclei Cells have a nucleus & complex structures – Cells have special structures that perform certain functions such as transforming food into energy Some protists share characteristics w/ fungi, plants, or animals. Animal- Like Protists Protozoa Protozoa “first animal” They can’t make their own food, protozoa take food from your surroundings Most Protozoa can move through their environment. Protozoa live wherever there is water. – Can be also found in moist soil and other organisms!!! Plant-like Protists Example: Algae These protists use energy from the sun to create their own food. They also produce oxygen as a byproduct….. What else does that? Some are microscopic or grow very large. Fungi-like Protists They get their food from their surroundings Some reproduce through spores Many can move from place to place These protists can be very damaging to crops and to fish. What are the 3 types of Protists? Animal-like Plant-like Fungi-like Fungi Kingdom Example: Mushrooms Cells have a nucleus & complex cell structures Fungi absorb their food. They decompose other organisms. Fungi grow fast & reproduce through spores. – They can not move from place to place. But their spores can travel by the wind or water. How Are Plants Classified? Lesson 2 Classifying Plants All plants are multicellular Almost all make their own food using the Sun’s energy. Are classified according to the way they transport water & reproduce Plant Kingdom Many-celled Have tissues & organs Have cell walls & chloroplasts Make their own food Classified: Nonvascular and Vascular Nonvascular Absorb water much like a sponge soaks up a liquid. Water passes from cell to cell They must live close to water source because of a lack to transport water which also prevents them from growing very tall. Example: Mosses and liverworts Vascular Plants that have tissue that acts like tubes to transport water through the plant. – Tube-like tissues transports water & nutrients taken from soil through the plant’s roots Vascular system provides support & allows plants to grow tall 2 types of Vascular plants: seed plants & seedless plants How do vascular & nonvascular plants differ? Vascular plants have tube-like tissues that transport water. Seedless Vascular - Fern Ferns reproduce there spores A spore is like a seed, but holds only half the beginning of a complete new plant inside it. – This spore must germinate with either a male or female plant to produce a new fern. Seeded Vascular Plant Gymnosperm (Produce seeds that rest in hard berries or cones) Angiosperm (Produce seeds through flowers and then through fruit) Gymnosperms Vascular plants that produce seeds that rest in hard berries or woody structures called cones Seeds contain plant embryos The seeds provides protection & food for the embryo 4 main groups of gymnosperm: conifers, cycads, ginkgos, & gnetophytes See life cycle in textbook, pg. A19 Conifers Many are pine trees Most are called evergreens because they keep their needle-like leaves all year Most paper is made from conifers wood fiber Gnetophytes Are found in both very wet or very dry environments. Some species have unusual leather-like leaves that grow on vines. Other species resemble shurbs. Cycads Often mistaken for palm trees, but unlike palm trees cycads produce cones instead of flowers Ginkgo Unlike other gymnosperms that keep their leaves, ginkgo loses its leaves every year Ginkgo are a popular choice for parks because they can resist many disease & pollution. How do seedless vascular plants reproduce? By producing spores Angiosperms A vascular plant that produces flowers. The flowers make seeds as well as fruits to protect seeds. Some flowers, like tulips, have both male & female organs within one flower. Other flowers, such as apple blossoms, may have either male or female sex organs Like Gymnosperms, angiosperms produce pollen. But angiosperm is often aided by animals in transferring pollen from flower to flower. Angiosperms- Continued If looking at a angiosperms seed you may see what appears to be tiny leaves. These leaf-like structures are called cotyledons. Angiosperms are classified according to how many cotyledons their seeds contain. – Angiosperms that produce seeds w/ 1 cotyledon are called monocots. Example: Corn – Angiosperms w/ 2 cotyledon are called dicots. Example: peas and squash Review Fruiting Plant Life cycle in textbook, pg. A21 How are angiosperms & gymnosperms alike? Both produce spores Plant Adaptations An adaptation is any part or characteristic that helps a species survive or reproduce. Pine trees grow needle-like leaves w/ waxing coating. This helps the tree keep water in, allowing pines to survive in cool, dry places Dropping leaves & becoming inactive or dormant, a tree can survive the cold winter. Some plants, called annuals usually complete their life cycle in a single year. Biennuals lives 2 years and perennials will grow back every year. How Are Animals Classified? Lesson 3 Animalia Kingdom Some animals in this kingdom have characteristics from other kingdoms, like cells. However, animals DO NOT take in energy from the Sun. Animals take in food from their environment by eating. They break down & digest food for its energy & nutrients. Most common Characteristics of Animals Multicellular w/ specialized cells that form tissues & organs Require oxygen to breathe Consume other organisms to get nutrients & energy they need Most are able to move at some point in their lives Most reproduce sexually Once an organism is identified as an animal, it can be further classified into phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species What’s an Invertebrate Animals w/out backbones!! This does not include humans…. Invertebrates are very diverse & include the largest number of animal species. Symmetry is an important characteristic to note w/ invertebrates – Go over textbook, pgs. A28-A31 Vertebrates Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. Vertebrates maybe warm-blooded or coldblooded. (This does not refer to the temperature of the blood but rather how the body temperature is maintained.) Cold-Blooded Vertebrates Reptiles, amphibians, and most fish fall in this category. Their body temperature depends on the temperature outside their body. Fish Most have a bony skeleton, but some such as sharks, have a skeleton that is only cartilage. Have gills that allow them to breathe in water. The gills take oxygen out of the water. Most have very well-developed sensory systems which means they have good sense of smell. Amphibians Include: Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts Usually need to live close to water but doesn’t spend its entire lives in it. Some have lungs that allow them to breathe outside the water. Some don’t have lungs at all but use the smooth surface of their skin to exchange gases with the air. They need water to reproduce. Most species have eggs that would dry out on land. Reptiles Include: Snakes, turtles, tortoises, lizards, crocodiles, & alligators Have tough outer skin, and most lay eggs. The dry, flexible, scaly skin of reptiles provides them w/ a waterproof coating Their skin helps them conserve water. Most reproduce on land Reptile eggs have a tough outer covering that prevents them from easily drying out. What does the term cold-blooded mean? Animals whose body temperature depends on to temperature of their environment. Warm-Blooded Vertabrates Consist of Birds and mammals Warm-blooded means they maintain constant internal body temperatures. Their body cells produce enough heat to keep their bodies warm even when the temperature outside their body is low. Birds The only group of animals that have feathers Have beaks instead of teeth – How do you think this affects the birds of prey like the eagles, falcons, and owls? – Do all birds fly? Mammals Have the most complex organs & nervous systems in the animal kingdom Have relatively large brain which helps to learn & perform complex behaviors Have hair even whales!... Whiskers count as hair Feed milk to their young Most have live young… – Look in text on pg. A35 give an example of a mammal that does not have live young but why they are still classified as mammals. Mammals- Continued Most have teeth Move to find food, to escape from a predator, and other reasons Mammals are either, herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. – Can you give me an example of each one? What characteristics do mammals share? Large brains Hair Teeth Milk for their young Classification System Review textbook pg. A36 To which phylum do tigers belong? Chordata