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Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Introduction Micronutrient or trace elements are essential for plant growth but it is needed in very small quantities in the plant system. The micro nutrient deficiency symptoms are first expressed in younger leaves than the older leaves. The micronutrients are Zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo) Boron (Bo) Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe). They are usually found in association with larger molecules such as cytochromes, chlorophyll, and proteins (usually enzymes). Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Micro Nutrients Boron Iron Manganese Zinc Copper Molybdenum Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role of Zinc Activator of enzymes viz., Enolase, Yeast aldolase, Oxalaetic decarboxylase , Carbonic anhydrase, Alcohol dehydrogense Maintenance of auxin in an active state Metabolic pathway from tryptophan to auxin via tryptamine Responsible for proper functioning of Chloroplasts. Involved in protein mediated through RNA synthesis Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms of Zinc • Bunchy foliage • • • Stunted growth Leaf deformity Increase in leaf length to breadth ratioLeaves become either entirely white • • White towards the base Chlorotic transverse stripes alternating with greener bands Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms of Zinc Chlorotic parts show numerous small, oblong, lighter patches Severe deficiency viz., Fruit development is slow Shorter Thinner Fingers twisted Lighter green in color Recommendation Spraying Zinc Sulphate (0.5%) on the leaves is recommended. Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role of Copper Activator of several enzymes viz., tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, laccase, butryl Co-A dehydrogenase Light reaction in plants Protein synthesis Carbohydrate Metabolism Absorbed by plants as the cupric ion (Cu++) and as a chelate both by leaves and roots Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms of Copper • • Overall drooping appearance Shortened intervals between leaf petioles emerging from the pseudo stem. • The leaves droop and resemble like an umbrella • Reduction in Leaf size • • LB ratio reduced to 2.1 to 2.2 Susceptible to fungal and viral infections Toxicity Symptoms • Root growth inhibited Recommendation Spraying Copper Sulphate (0.5%) on the leaves is recommended. Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms of Iron Iron deficiency has been recorded in alkaline soils and is identified by interveinal chlorosis of young leaves. Recommendation Soil application of FeSO4 5/g/ha or foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4 at weekly intervals. Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role of Manganese • • • Essential in respiration and N metabolism in plants A relatively immobile element in plant Antagonistic to Fe and excessive feeding leads to Fe deficiency • Activation of enzymes like arginase yeast phosphatase cystcine desulfhydrase, deoxyribose nuclease Specific activator of prolidase glutamyl transferase • Prominent component of chloroplasts and particularly involved in Hill reaction of photosynthesis • Absorbed by plants as manganese ion (Mn2++ ) and as a chelate of EDTA through roots as well as leaves Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms of Manganese Interveinal chlorosis in the middle of the sub terminal leaves indicate manganese deficiency. In moderate and acute stages of manganese deficiency the dark green areas in the leaves become dull green and the light green areas persist throughout the life of the leaves In severe cases, the light green areas often become grey or even whitish, the foliage becomes thin and shoots die back Recommendation Spraying Manganese Sulphate (0.5 %) on the leaves is recommended After 14 weeks the disorder was cured. Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role of Molybdenum • • • • Essential in N Metabolism Enzyme systems of symbiotic Nitrogen fixation in legumes and non-legumes Protein synthesis Acts as an activator of dehydrogenases phosphatases • Activator of nitrate reductase and xanthene oxidase and Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms Molybdenum • Lower levels of sugars and ascorbic acid • Very low aminoacids • Restricted vegetative growth and their leaves become pale and wither • Flower formation restricted. Appears first in the middle and older leaves • Leaves appear yellowish green • Rolling of leaf margins • Leaves become small and covered with necrotic spots Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role of Boron • • Involved in carbohydrate metabolism Facilitates the movement of sugars by forming permeable boron-sugar complex. • • • • Regulates water relations calcium in soluble form within the plant Acts as a regulator of K ratio Regulatory role in Switching the degradation of glucose to either glycolysis Pentose shunt pathway Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Role of Boron • Implicated in • • N metabolism Photosynthesis Cellular differentiation and development Translocated from older to meristematic tissues is not ready Absorbed by plants in one or more of its ionic forms B4O7 BO-3 H2BO3 HBO-3 Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Deficiency Symptoms of Boron • Stunted growth of plants • Newly emerging leaves found to be malformed with development incomplete laminar • Chlorotic streaks are aligned perpendicular to the veins on the leaf lamina • Severe interveinal chlorosis and incomplete leaf formationRoot and flower formation are inhibited Recommendation Application of Borax Salt (25 g/ Plant) in the soil around the root zone of the plant is recommended. Role and deficiency/toxicity symptoms of Micronutrients in Banana Let Us Sum Up Micronutrients are required in very small quantities by the plant for their functions. Since they are involved in various enzymatic activities ,their deficiency causes in various malfunctioning of the plant activities. To manage these micro nutrient deficiencies spraying of suitable chemicals at recommended levels by foliar application will alleviate the deficiency.