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Chapter Presentation
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Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 23
Introduction to Plants
Table of Contents
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Objectives
• Summarize how plants are adapted to living on land.
• Distinguish nonvascular plants from vascular plants.
• Relate the success of plants on land to seeds and
flowers.
• Describe the basic structure of a vascular plant
sporophyte.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Characteristics of Plants
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Establishment of Plants on Land
• Plants are the dominant group of organisms on land,
based on weight.
• Plants probably evolved from multicellular aquatic
green algae that could not survive on land.
• Before plants could thrive on land, they had to be
able to do three things: absorb nutrients from their
surroundings, prevent their bodies from drying out,
and reproduce without water to transmit sperm.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Evolutionary Relationships Between Plants
and Green Algae
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Establishment of Plants on Land, continued
Absorbing Nutrients
• Aquatic algae and plants take nutrients from the
water around them.
• On land, most plants take nutrients from the soil with
their roots.
• Botanists think that fungi may have helped early land
plants to get nutrients from Earth’s rocky surface.
Symbiotic relationships between fungi and the roots
of plants are called mycorrhizae.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Establishment of Plants on Land, continued
Preventing Water Loss
• A watertight covering, which reduces water loss, made
it possible for plants to live on land. This covering,
called a cuticle, is a waxy layer that covers the
nonwoody aboveground parts of most plants.
• Pores called stomata permit plants to exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• A pair of specialized cells called guard cells border
each stoma. Stomata open and close as the guard
cells change shape.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Stomata and Guard Cells
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Establishment of Plants on Land, continued
Reproducing on Land
• In most plants, sperm are enclosed in a structure that
keeps them from drying out.
• The structures that contain sperm make up pollen.
• Pollen permits the sperm of most plants to be carried
by wind or animals rather than by water.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Requirements of Plants to Survive on Land
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers
Advantages of Conducting Tissue
• Specialized cells that transport water and other
materials within a plant are found in vascular tissues.
• The larger, more-complex plants have a vascular
system, a system of well-developed vascular tissues
that distribute materials more efficiently.
• Relatively small plants that have no vascular system
are called nonvascular plants. Plants that have a
vascular system are called vascular plants.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Vascular Tissue
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers,
continued
Advantages of Seeds
• A seed is a structure that contains the embryo of a
plant.
• An embryo is an early stage in the development of
plants and animals.
• Most plants living today are seed plants—vascular
plants that produce seeds.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers,
continued
Advantages of Seeds
• Seeds offer a plant several survival advantages:
1. The seed coat protects the embryo from drying out,
injury, and disease.
2. Most kinds of seeds store a supply of nutrients.
3. Seeds disperse the offspring of seed plants.
4. Seeds make it possible for plant embryos to survive
through unfavorable periods such as droughts.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Structure and Function of Seeds
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Vascular Tissue, Seeds, and Flowers,
continued
Advantages of Flowers
• The last important adaptation to appear as plants
evolved was the flower, a reproductive structure that
produces pollen and seeds.
• Most plants living today are flowering plants—seed
plants that produce flowers.
• Flowering plants that are pollinated by animals
produce less pollen, and cross-pollination can occur
between individuals that live far apart.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Plant Life Cycles
• Plants have life cycles in which haploid plants that
make gametes (gametophytes) alternate with diploid
plants that make spores (sporophytes).
• A life cycle in which a gametophyte alternates with a
sporophyte is called alternation of generations.
• Unlike the green algae with alternation of
generations, plants have gametophytes and
sporophytes that look very different.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Life Cycle of
Angiosperm
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Alternation of Generations
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Plant Life Cycles, continued
The Vascular-Plant Sporophyte
• The sporophytes of vascular plants have a vascular
system with two types of vascular tissue.
• Relatively soft-walled cells transport organic nutrients
in a kind of tissue called phloem.
• Hard-walled cells transport water and mineral
nutrients in a kind of tissue called xylem.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Plant Life Cycles, continued
The Vascular-Plant Sporophyte
• The part of a plant’s body that grows mostly upward
is called the shoot.
• In most plants, the part of the body that grows
downward is called the root.
• Zones of actively dividing plant cells, called
meristems, produce plant growth.
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Structure of a
Vascular Plant
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Chapter 23
Section 1 Adaptations of Plants
Meristem
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Objectives
• Describe the key features of the four major groups of
plants.
• Classify plants into one of the 12 phyla of living
plants.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Nonvascular Plants
Key Features of Nonvascular Plants
• All nonvascular plants are small and relatively simple.
• The gametophytes of nonvascular plants are larger
and more noticeable than the sporophytes. Hairlike
projections called rhizoids anchor the gametophytes
to the surfaces on which they grow.
• Nonvascular plants must be covered by a film of
water in order for fertilization to occur.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Nonvascular Plants, continued
Kinds of Nonvascular Plants
• The mosses (phylum Bryophyta) are the most familiar
nonvascular plants.
• Like the mosses, liverworts (phylum Hepatophyta)
grow in mats of many individuals. Liverworts have no
conducting cells, no cuticle, and no stomata.
• The hornworts (phylum Anthocerophyta) are a small
group of nonvascular plants that, like the liverworts,
completely lack conducting cells.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Types of Nonvascular Plants
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Parts of a Moss
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Vascular plants that do not produce seeds are called
seedless vascular plants.
• The earliest known seedless vascular plant,
Cooksonia, had sporophytes that had branched,
leafless stems that were only a few centimeters long.
• Rhynia, another early seedless vascular plant, had
horizontal underground stems, or rhizomes.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Key Features of Seedless Vascular Plants
• Seedless vascular plants have a vascular system
with both xylem and phloem.
• The sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are
larger than the gametophytes.
• The spores of the seedless vascular plants have
thickened walls that are resistant to drying.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without
Seeds
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Kinds of Seedless Vascular Plants
• The ferns (phylum Pterophyta) are the most common
and most familiar seedless vascular plants.
• Most fern sporophytes have a rhizome that is
anchored by roots and leaves called fronds.
• Unlike true mosses, the club mosses (phylum
Lycophyta), have roots, stems, and leaves.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Parts of a Fern
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants, continued
Kinds of Seedless Vascular Plants
• Some club mosses have clusters of nongreen sporebearing leaves form a structure called a cone.
• The vertical stems of horsetails, which grow from a
rhizome, are hollow and have joints.
• The whisk ferns (phylum Psilotophyta) probably most
closely resemble the earliest vascular plants.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Needles and Cones
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are seed plants whose seeds do not
develop within a sealed container (a fruit).
• The word gymnosperm comes from the Greek words
gymnos, meaning “naked,” and sperma, meaning
“seed.”
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Gymnosperms, continued
Key Features of Gymnosperms
• All gymnosperms produce seeds.
• All seed plants produce very tiny gametophytes of
two types—male and female.
• The sperm of gymnosperms do not swim through
water to reach and fertilize eggs. Instead, the sperm
are carried to the structures that contain eggs by
pollen, which can drift on the wind.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Gymnosperms, continued
Kinds of Gymnosperms
• The conifers (phylum Coniferophyta) are the most familiar,
and most successful, gymnosperms.
• The cycads (phylum Cycadophyta) have short stems and
palmlike leaves.
• The only living species of ginkgo (phylum Ginkgophyta), or
maidenhair tree, has fan-shaped leaves that resemble the
leaves of the maidenhair fern.
• The gnetophytes (phylum Gnetophyta) are a diverse group
of trees, shrubs, and vines that produce pollen and seeds in
cones that resemble flowers.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Types of Gymnosperms
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Angiosperms
• Most seed plants are flowering plants, or
angiosperms.
• Angiosperms produce seeds that develop enclosed
within a specialized structure called a fruit.
• The word angiosperm comes from the Greek words
angeion, meaning “case,” and sperma, meaning
“seed.”
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Angiosperms, continued
Key Features of Angiosperms
• The male and female gametophytes of angiosperms
develop within flowers, which promote pollination and
fertilization more efficiently than do cones.
• Although fruits provide some protection for
developing seeds, their primary function is to promote
seed dispersal.
• The seeds of angiosperms have a supply of stored
food called endosperm at some time during their
development.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Characteristics of Angiosperms
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Endosperm
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Angiosperms, continued
Kinds of Angiosperms
• Botanists divide the angiosperms into two
subgroups—monocots and dicots.
• The monocots are flowering plants that produce
seeds with one seed leaf (cotyledon).
• The dicots are flowering plants that produce seeds
with two seed leaves.
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Familiar Families of Angiosperms
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots
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Chapter 23
Section 2 Kinds of Plants
Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and
Dicots
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Objectives
• Identify foods that come from plants and their dietary
importance.
• Describe several ways that wood is used.
• Explain how plants are used to treat human
ailments.
• Identify plants that are used to make paper and
cloth.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Plants as Food
Fruits and Vegetables
• The United States government identifies foods that
comes from a plant as an agricultural commodity.
• To a botanist, a fruit is the part of a plant that
contains seeds, and a vegetative part is any
nonreproductive part of a plant.
• Fruits and vegetables provide dietary fiber and are
important sources of essential vitamins and
minerals.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Parts of Plants Eaten as Food
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Plants as Food, continued
Root Crops
• Potatoes are classified as a root crop because they
grow underground. But, potatoes are actually tubers,
modified underground stems that store starch.
• Yams, an essential food crop in many tropical parts of
the world, are also tubers.
• Sweet potatoes, carrots, radishes, turnips, beets, and
cassava are also important root crops.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Plants as Food, continued
Legumes
• Many members of the pea family, which are called
legumes, produce protein-rich seeds in long pods.
• Peas, peanuts, and the many different types of beans
are the seeds of legumes.
• Like many legumes, alfalfa has nitrogen-fixing
bacteria, which add nitrogen compounds to the soil,
in its roots.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Cereals
• Cereals are grasses that are grown as food for
humans and livestock.
• Cereal grasses produce large numbers of a type of
edible, dry fruit called a grain.
• A grain contains a single seed with a large supply of
endosperm.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Cereals, continued
Wheat
• For more than one-third of the world’s population,
wheat is the primary source of food.
• The endosperm of wheat grains, which is high in
carbohydrates, is commonly ground into white flour
and used to make breads and pasta.
• One of the world’s best wheat-growing areas is the
Great Plains region of the United States and
Canada—a temperate grassland biome.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Cereals, continued
Corn
• Corn is the most widely cultivated crop in the United
States.
• Corn is also one of the world’s chief foods for farm
animals. About 70 percent of the corn crop harvested
in the United States is consumed by livestock.
• Other uses for corn include the production of corn
syrup, margarine, corn oil, cornstarch, and fuel-grade
ethanol.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Cereals, continued
Rice
• For more than half of the people in the world, rice
is the main part of every meal.
• Although it is low in protein, rice is an excellent
source of energy-rich carbohydrates.
• In the United States, rice is grown in central
California, in the Southeast, and along the Gulf
Coast in fields.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Major Crop-Producing Regions of the World
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Nonfood Uses of Plants
Wood
• After food, wood is the single most valuable resource
obtained from plants.
• Nearly 75 percent of the lumber cut in the United
States is used for building construction.
• The rest is used to make products that contain wood,
or it is ground and moistened to make wood pulp.
Wood pulp is made into paper, rayon, and many
other products.
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Nonfood Uses of Plants, continued
Medicines
• People have always used substances obtained from
plants to treat a variety of ailments.
• By studying the plants traditionally used to treat human
ailments, researchers have developed many “modern”
medicines.
• For example, willow tree (Salix) bark was a traditional
cure for aches. Salicin is the pain-relieving chemical
found in willows. Acetylsalicylic acid, a derivative of
salicin, was first sold under the name “aspirin.”
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Some Drugs Originally Derived from Plants
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Chapter 23
Section 3 Plants in Our Lives
Nonfood Uses of Plants, continued
Fibers
• In plants, fibers help provide support for the plant
body. The strength and flexibility of plant fibers make
them ideal materials for making paper, cloth, and
rope.
• Most of the fibers used to make paper come from
wood.
• For centuries, people have made clothing with cloth
made of cotton, the world’s most important plant fiber.
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the figure below to answer questions 1–3.
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. In which pair of families do all of the plants produce
seeds with two seed leaves?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Liliaceae and Bromeliaceae
Umbelliferae and Labiatae
Palmae and Malvaceae
Labiatae and Liliaceae
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. In which pair of families do all of the plants produce
seeds with two seed leaves?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Liliaceae and Bromeliaceae
Umbelliferae and Labiatae
Palmae and Malvaceae
Labiatae and Liliaceae
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Of the plants listed in the chart, which one is most
likely to produce flowers with flower parts that are in
multiples of three?
F.
G.
H.
J.
rosemary
celery
palmetto
hibiscus
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Of the plants listed in the chart, which one is most
likely to produce flowers with flower parts that are in
multiples of three?
F.
G.
H.
J.
rosemary
celery
palmetto
hibiscus
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which statement is true about all of the plants listed
in the chart?
A. Their sperm must swim through water to fertilize
eggs.
B. They produce fruits.
C. Their gametophytes develop inside cones.
D. They reproduce by releasing spores.
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Chapter 23
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which statement is true about all of the plants listed
in the chart?
A. Their sperm must swim through water to fertilize
eggs.
B. They produce fruits.
C. Their gametophytes develop inside cones.
D. They reproduce by releasing spores.
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