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PLANT UNIT
Chapters 22-25
Plant Diversity
Roots Stems and Leaves
Reproduction
Plant Response and
Adaptations
Objectives
• Identify methods of
seed dispersal.
• Plant leaf size and
sunlight amounts –
effects of.
• Concepts of diversity
in plants.
• Plant alternation of
generation.
• Plant requirements
• Evolution of plants
•
•
• This seed is best dispersed
by —
•
• A water
• B birds
• C wind
• D animals
Seed Dispersal
Seeds can be dispersed in a
number of different ways.
They may be carried by wind,
water or animals. Some plants
even shoot the seeds out
explosively. Seed size is an
important factor
• Which of these
characteristics might help a
plant species survive in an
area with limited sunlight?
•
• FBright flowers
• GLarge leaves
• HShort stems
• JThick cuticles
Plant Diversity Chapter 22
pg 550
• What is a plant
•
# of cells
•
type of cells
•
shape of cells
•
auto or hetero – trophs
Plants have ALTERNATION OF
GENERATIONS… ?
• Plants have a two phase reproductive cycle:
• Known as Alternation of Generations
• gametes and spores – reproductive cells
• The diploid phase is know as sporophyte 2N stage
the haploid phase is known as gametophyte 1N
•
When two gametes cometogether – sexual
repoduction has occurred. Example egg +sperm
Early plants required water…
• Mosses and ferns
What they need to survive..
• What do you think ?
Plants over time
• Mosses to ferns to cone-bearing(produced
seeds) to eventually flower plants(which
produced fruit)
Overview of Plant Kingdom pg
555
• Earth's oldest living
inhabitant of Gia –
Earth "Methuselah" at
4,767 years, has lived
more than a millennium
longer than any other
tree
• Discovered by Dr.
Edmund Schulman
• White Mountains of
California
• Dating through tree-ring
growth
22-5 pg 569 Angiosperms
Lesson Goals
• What are
characteristics of
angiosperms ?
• What are monocots
and dicots
• What are three
categories of plant life
spans ?
Let’s talk flowers – reproductive
structures
• ANGIOSPERMS : Cretaceous Period –
have fossils from 120 million years ago.
Why do you think
angiosperms(means enclosed
seeds) took over species numbers
: advantages ?
• Color
• Smell
• Fruit/ protection and possible
dispersal
• Seed protected by outside coat
• Spreading of seeds
Chapter 24 Flowering Parts
Flower part
Part function
Petal
Petals are used to attract insects into the flower,
they may have guidelines on them and be
scented.
Pistil
Female parts
F:
stigma
F:
Style
Sticky part of flower where pollen is
deposited by wind, insect or humming bird
Tube which pollen passes thru.
F: Ovary
/Ovule
The Ovary is like the egg in animals and once
fertilisation has taken place will become the seed. Fruit
will protect.
Stamen:
Male parts
M: Anther
Covered with pollen
M: Filament
Holds the anther in position for pollen removal from anther
Sepal
Sepals protect the flower whilst the flower is developing from a bud.
receptacle
Holds all flower parts
NAME MY PARTS…A IS…
•
PETAL
•
•
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
FILAMENT
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/R
ECEPTCLE
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/R
ECEPTCLE
OVARY
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
FILAMENT
SEPAL/CALYX/R
ECEPTCLE
OVARY
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
FILAMENT
STYLE
SEPAL/CALYX/R
ECEPTCLE
OVARY
PETAL
•
•
ANTHER
FILAMENT
STIGMA
STYLE
SEPAL/CALYX/R
ECEPTCLE
OVARY
flower
PETAL
Diversity of Angiosperms
Based on cotlyedon: first leaf or pair of
leaves.
Compare
leaves, stems,
roots.
Compare
vascular
bundles and
support tissue
organization.
Compare seeds :cotlyedons,
roots, leaves and stems
Diversity of angiosperms:
Woody vs Herbaceous plants
• Woody:
• Thick cells with thick
cells walls that
support the plant
body
• Trees, shrubs and
vines
• Herbacious
• Thinner, smooth,
smaller in need of
support
Diversity of Angiosperms:
Annuals, Biennials and
Perennials
• Annuals – die after
• Perennials – return
seed production.
year after year to
examples: dandelions
reproduce.
examples: trees,
• Biennials –Take two
shrubs, roses
years to make
productive cycles
examples:Hollyhock,
Echinacea
TAKS Review
• Pg 577 1-4
Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and
Leaves
• Pg 578
• What are three principal
organs and tissues of seed
plants
• What are the three main
tissue systems of plants
• What specialized cells
make up vascular tissue
• How does meristematic
tissue differ from other
plant tissue
Structures of seed plants
What are the purposes of each ?
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
What they need to survive..
• What do you think ?
• Dermal Tissue
Epidermal : single layer
covered with cuticle :
waxy for protection from
dehydration.
Trichomes : pubescent
Root hairs: increase
surface area for water
absorption
Guard Cells: Stomata:
regulate water and gases
from leaves
Plant Tissue
Vascular Tissue
• Phloem
Ground
Tissue
• Carries food :
sieve tubes.
Parenchyma
in leaves :
• Carries from
bundles
leaves to roots
• Collenchum
a : cells
walls
• Sclerenchma
: tissue
tough
• Xylem
•
• Carries water:
• Carries from •
roots to leaves
Tissue Growth
Only occurs in meristematic
tissue
Meristematic
•
Unspecialized cells
produced in the
meristems : cluster of
continual growth
throughout a plants
life.
Found at tips of growth
areas such as buds,
and roots
• Apical Meristem
Undifferentiated on
stems and roots.
CELLS HERE
REPRODUCE BY
MITOSIS
23-2 Roots and Root Structures
• Tap vs Fibrous
benefits ?
• How do roots help
prevent erosion ?
Root Structure
Stem Comparison
Dicot or Monocot? (Circle)
• Dicots have pith
•
•
23-4 leaves
Leaf cross section
• Functions
• Stomata open and
close in response to
water vapor into and
out of leaves.
• So its hot and dry,
what do they do ?
• Its night time , what
do they do ?
Taks Review pg 607 #1-4
•
Chapter 24 Reproduction of
We saw this in earlier
Seed Plants
slides.
• What are other methods of
reproduction in plants ?
• Vegetative Reproduction –
one parent -asexual
• Plant Propagation
Grafting
cuttings
Taks preparation pg 631 1-4
CELL COMPARISON
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
Plant Behavior - TROPISMS
Plant Behavior - TROPISMS
Plant Behavior - TROPISMS
Plant Chemicals
•
•
•
•
Hormones
Auxin
Light responses
Cell growth
increases –
which side
do you think ?
Chapter 25 Plant Responses and
Adaptations pg 632
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Objectives:
What are plant hormones
How do each of them affect plant growth?
What are the plant tropisms
How do plants prepare of seasons
How have plants adapted to environments
Defense against insects
Plant Hormones: Substances that
control an plants patterns of
growth and development and
plants responses to environmental
conditions
Auxins
• Promotes
phototropism
• Produced in the apical
meristem at the tip of
the stem.
• Stimulate cell
elongation.
• Also influenced by
gravity- geotropism
• Also stimulated by
removal of apical
meristem
• Herbicides are also
auxin enhanced.
Cytokinins
Stimulate cell
division and the
growth of lateral
buds, and cause
dormant seeds to
sprout. Include
the delay of
aging leaves .
Gibberellins
• Increase sizes
Ethylene
• Fruit ripening hormone – in gas state
Tropisms
Gravitropsim
Phototropism
Thigmotropism
Rapid Response
Winter Dormancy/
Photodormancy
• Due to change in light and temperature.
Deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic
pathways. Leaf abscission occurs and the
photochrome absorbs less light and auxin
production lowers and the leaf shuts off and
chlorophyll production stops and the leaf’s
water in extracted and the petiole seals off
and the leaf falls to the ground
Adaptations of Plants
• Water Plants :Aquatic Plants : many have tissues
with large air filled spaces through which oxygen
can diffuse.
• Salt tolerate plants - mangrove
• Desert Plants - succulents cactus, yucca
• Carnivorous plants –pitcher plant, Venus fly trap
• Parasites – mistletoe
• Epiphytes – grow on other plants spanish moss
• Chemical Defense: milkweed and monarchs
Taks Review pg 653 1-3