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SI Session (With Answers) Lab Practice Scientific method Microscope Phylogeny Cyanobacteria Fungi Heterotrophic Protists Spring 2010 For Dr. Hughey’s Bio 3 Class Picture from http://es.toonpool.com/cartoons/MICROSCOPE%20LOOKING_27378 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected] 1. Define the scientific method. • A procedure used to solve problems or answer questions. • A way of thinking and looking at the world. • A technique used to gather information and reach conclusions. 2. List the main steps to the scientific method. Observation Hypothesis Experiment Then revise the hypothesis Conclusion If the results do not support hypothesis 3. What is the difference between a null and alternative hypothesis? Null hypothesis - a concept which arises in the context of statistical hypothesis testing. The null hypothesis set out for a particular significance test always occurs in conjunction with an alternative hypothesis. Alternative hypothesis - the possibility that an observed effect is genuine and the null hypothesis is the rival possibility that it has resulted from chance. --From Wikipedia Reference: Dr. Hughey’s Bio30 class slide Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 4. Based on what you see in front of you, write a hypothesis. How would you test your hypothesis? In your test, what are your independent and dependent variables, and your controls? Hypothesis – Plants grow faster when illuminated with 500 nm light than with How test – 660 nm light. 30 lights with different wave length Independent – Wave length of each light Dependent – The length of plants at limited time(e.g. 1 month) Control – Same temperature, same species, same pot, same amount of water, same soil… Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 5. You go to field trip to hunt mushroom for Bio3 Botany class at Rip Van Winkle Open Space Park Pacific Grove,CA. You find a beautiful fungus. How do you identify the fungus? List at least 4 ways. ____________________________________ 1) Ask Botanist 2) Find botany book and compare the picture _________________________________________ 3) Use dichotomous key _________________________________________ 4) DNA analysis _________________________________________ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 A B C D 6. In the a dichotomous key, Fill in the blank. 1. Leaves flat ---------------------------------- 2 1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like ------ 3 2. Outline of leaf oval-shaped ...........____ C 2. Outline of blade star-shaped .........____ B 3. Length of leaf more than 1cm long ---------- 4 D 3. Length of leaf less than 0.5 cm long ---------- _____ E 4. Blades arranged in cluster ------------------------ _____ 4. Blades scattered or alternated--------------------_____ A Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 E 7. Using the specimens in front of you, write a dichotomous key. A B C D 1. Leaves broad .………………………..2 1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like ……..3 2. Outline of blade serrate ............ 4 2. Outline of blade round …........ B 3. Scale-like leaves, less than 0.5 cm long ............ C 3. Needle-like leaves, more than 3 cm long .…........ E 4. Arrangement of leaves opposite ............ D 4. Arrangement of leaves whirl .…........ A Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 E 8. Name the following microscopes. 9. Define the following terms. a) Parfocal – stay in focus when magnification is changed b) Maginification - the number of times an image is enlarged. c) Resolution – a measurement of clarity, the smallest distance between two points on a specimen that can still be distinguished. d) Field of view - the diameter of the circle of view you can see when looking down a microscope Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 10. What are the names of these parts? Write each function. A Ocular(eye pieces): the part to view the species; Magnify (usually 10X ). B (Objectives): Magnification C Coarse adjustment knob: Focus DFine adjustment knob: Focus Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 11. Total magnification on the slide in view? 40 X 100X 100X 10 X 12. Total magnification on the slide in view? 10 X 400X 100X 40 X Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 13. Calculate the diameter of field of view and the length of cell. 10X 40X Diameter? Diameter? 1.4mm 0.35mm 100X 40X Diameter? 0.14mm Cell length? 0.0875mm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 14. Calculate the diameter of field of view and the length of cell. 10X 40X Diameter? Diameter? 100X 100X Diameter? Cell length? Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 15. Construct a cladogram based on the data provided below.sCalculate the diameter of field of view and the length of cell. *Please, replace “present” with “1” and “absent” with “0.” Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Gymnosperm Angiosperm Fruit Flowers Pteridophyte Bryophyte Green Algae Seeds Secondary growth Pollen Independent gametophyte and Sporophyte absent Nonmotile sperm Independent gametophyte and Sporophyte Vascular tissue Branching sporophyte Sporophyte Dorminant? Cuticle Terrestrial Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 A: B: C: D: Cap(pileus) Gill Ring Stalk,Stipe E: Spores F: Volva G: Hypa(e) H: Mycelium Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 17. What is “conidial fungi”? Give two examples. Ascomycota fungi with asexual reproductive system that is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. Penicillum, Aspergillus 18. What is “fruit or fruiting body” in the fungi? Spore bearing structure 19. We often see the bread mold. A A: ______________ Spores B: ______________ Sporangia Sporangiophore C: ______________ Rhizoids D: ______________ What happens in the structure of B? Produce spores B What is the function of the structure D? C Support and absorption D Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Basidiomycota Phylum ______________ Coprinus Genus ______________ Sexual? Asexual? Basidium- A small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. Basidiospores _______________ Gill __________ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Basidium __________ Basidiospores _______________ 21. Phylum ____________ Ascomycota What is the name of the sac-like structure in view? Asci What are inside? Ascospores Is this structure for asexual or sexual reproduction? sexual 22. Phylum ____________ Ascomycota What is the name of the structure? Conidia What happens in these structure in view? Produce conidiospores (asexual) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 C A D B 23. What is the common name of the photosynthetic organism in front of you? Lichen How many of organisms are there in each specimen? What are they? Two; Algae + fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) What type of relationship are there (e.g parasitic, symbiosis, friendship, enemies,….etc)? Symbiosis (mutualism) What types of growth form are in A, B, & C? A:_____________ Fruticose B:_____________ Crustose C:_____________ Fruticose D:_____________ Foliose Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 24. You are looking at lichen. What is the name of layer in the black or purple dot? Algal layer 25. The left side is come from roots of a plant. What is the things penetrating the root? Fungi What is the relationship presented? Symbiosis (mutualism) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 26. The left sides are come from roots of a plant. What is the relationship presented? Explain in detail (e.g. things that they give and take each other.) Give the name in each slide. The plant provides fungi with nutrient(carbohydrates). A The fungi help the plant to obtain nitrogen and protect the plant from pathogen. Endomycorrhiza A:_________________ Ectomycorrhiza B:_________________ What is the difference between A and B? B A - Fungal hyphae penetrate the plant cell wall in root. B – Fungi wrap outside root. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Euglenophyta Phylum ______________ Euglena. Genus ______________ Motile? Nonmotile? How do you know? Euglenoids have flagella for movement. How many of flagella does it have? What is each function? Two unequal flagella locomotion; unemergent(?) What is the arrow pointing? Function? Stigma(Eyespot) Light-sensing sytem Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Protist 28. Kingdom _____________ Phylum ______________ Oomycota Genus ______________ Saprolegnia Label A(B):____________________ Antheridium C:____________________ Oogonium D:____________________ Egg E: oogonial stalk F:_______________________ Oospore(after fertilization) or Zygote G:_______________________ Hypae (collectively mycelium) F Sexual or Asexual? Sexual G Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 29. The slides and picture are shown sexual reproduction system. How do they fertilize to make zygotes? Sperm migrate toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube sperm fertilization tube. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 30. Phylum ______________ Cyanophyta Genus ______________ Nostoc Cyanophyta 31. Phylum ______________ Anabaena Genus ______________ Label and function A: ____________________ Heterocyst- Nitrogen fixation B: ____________________ Akinete-Resting spores: Cells that are resistant to unfavorable conditions. A B Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Phylum ___________ Ascomycota Morchella Genus ____________ Phylum Basidiomycota ___________ Amanita Genus ____________ Phylum ____________ Basidiomycota Agaricus Genus ____________ Phylum Chytridiomycota ____________ Allomyces Genus ____________ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 Phylum ______________ Ascomycota Penicillum Genus ______________ Sexual? Asexual? Phylum ______________ Ascomycota Aspergillus Genus ______________ Sexual? Asexual? conidial fungi Both are _______________. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 38. Phylum Cyanophyta ______________ Oscillatoria Genus ______________ Zygomycota 39. Phylum ______________ Rhizopus Genus ______________ Label and what happens in these structure? A:_______________ Zygosporangium B:_______________ Gametangia A B Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009 40. Phylum ______________ Oomycota Genus ______________ Saprolegnia 41. Phylum ______________ Euglenophyta Euglena. Genus ______________ 42. Phylum ______________ Dinophyta Genus ______________ Ceratium 43. Phylum ______________ Dictyosteliomycota Genus ______________ Dictyostelium. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009C 44. Phylum ______________ Dinophyta Noctiluca Genus ______________ 46. Phylum ______________ Dinophyta Peridium Genus ______________ Myxomycota 45. Phylum ______________ Dictydium Genus ______________ 47. Phylum ______________ Myxomycota Genus ______________ Fuligo *dog vomit, Slim mold Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009C