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Stamp! Obj #24-30
 Board!
 Test! Monday!
 Be Wise!
Compare your
objectives and add
new insights.
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What about fish?
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3rd major source of
food for humans
1 billion people rely on
fish for main source of
protein
Some ocean wild fish
populations are
overfished
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Fisheries collapse?
As of 2006, 30% of
fisheries worldwide
have declined by
90%
Fish Farming (ff: 9min)
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Global fish production
has increased by more
than 20% since 1980,
mostly due to
aquaculture
Raising fish/shellfish,
seaweeds in tanks =
aquaculture
Oceanic Fish Farms
Stock, feed, clean
 Density may
require antibiotics
 Clean water
pumped in one
end and used
water out the
other
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Tradeoffs!
Can be local
 Scalable
 Can be combined
with plants for a
nutrient cycle
 Protein source
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Dense populations
can spread disease ,
waste products
(density dependent!)
Consideration of
what they are being
fed
Escaping fish may
spread disease
Awkward segue . . . .
Test Monday – All Food objectives
Tutorials: first 20 min of lunch today in
minitheater
 Monday morning

AP it up!
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For each of these sentences, use your
notes/objectives to add supporting
specific details
AP it up!
Monocultures reduce diversity which is
not sustainable.
 CAFOs cause resistance to antibiotics.
 The industrial food system is very
dependent on fossil fuels.
 The use of pesticides is contributing to
Colony Collapse Disorder.
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Sustainability considerations
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Processed food
Transported food
Stored food
Monoculture
Pesticides
Inorganic Fertilizers
Mechanization
Short term gains
Cost minimization
priority over human
rights

Whole foods
Local food
Seasonal food

Polyculture/polyvarietal
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IPM pest strategies
Organic fertilizers
People/animal power
Long term soil fertility
Fair trade = fair wages
for fair work
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A spectrum of choices – all growers
deal with pests!
Industrial
Integrated Pest
Organic/
Agriculture
management
traditional
Least sustainable
most sustainable
Integrated pest management
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Overarching philosophy:
◦ Eradication of pests is not possible, so the
goal must be pest suppression.
◦ General practice: Monitor pest populations.
When damage of crops will cost more than
the cost of action, IPM managers take steps to
control pests. Pesticides will be used only as a
last resort.
Guiding principle: Pests and diseases
generally are plant-specific.
Examples –
 Boll weevil attacks
cotton plants
 Rust and smut fungus
attack corn
 Yellow rust fungus
attacks wheat
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Diversity protects harvests from
pests and diseases because they
run out of food.
Monocultures are like a banquet!
Consider the issue of Colony
Collapse Disorder (CCD)
Pesticides
 Monocultures
 Mites/bee diseases
 Flowerless
landscapes
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Analyze your IPM
strategy and
determine
◦ 1. how it works
◦ 2. why it’s more
sustainable
◦ 3. it’s role in reversing
CCD
Cultivation/physical approaches
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Crop rotation –
non-legume, legume, fallow field/cover crop
Each crop demands a different mix
of soil nutrients
Root/fruit/flowers:
high Phosphorous
demand (nucleic
acids)
 Leaves: Nitrogen
(photosynthesis
proteins)
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Cultivation/physical approaches
Hedge rows
provide shelter for
beneficial insects,
insectivorous birds and
other pest predators
(preying mantis, ladybugs,
bats)
Biological pest control
Release beneficial
insects purchased
in quantity (pest
predators),
encourage
insectivorous birds
Other predators
Insectivorous birds
Biological Pest control
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Release of sterile males:
mate with females, no
offspring produced.
Chemical Pest control
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Pheromones: used in bait
traps to lure insects away
from crops
Chemical control
Hormone disruptors
prevent molting or
development to next
stage.
 As a last resort, IPM
farmers will use
pesticides
(herbicides,
insecticides,
rodenticides,
fungicides)
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Current sustainability choices
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Advantages
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Disadvantages
“Organic farming is a crucial
WME (weapon of mass
enlightenment).
- Gary Hirshberg CEO of Stoneyfield organic yogurt