Download Cold Air Drainage Project - Center for Embedded Networked Sensing

Terrestrial Ecology Observing Systems
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Deborah Estrin, Michael Hamilton, Mark Hansen, William Kaiser, Phil Rundel
Eric A. Graham
Center for Embedded Networked Sensing
Some (not all) Involved Summer Interns, Graduate students, and Staff
Henrik Borgstrom EC Graduate Student
Geoff Robertson Summer Intern
Diane Budzik EC Graduate Student
Colin Rundel Summer Staff
Kevin Chang CENS staff
Marina Sharifi Summer Intern
Victor Chen EC Graduate Student
Amarjeet Singh EC Graduate Student
Caitlin Hamilton Summer Intern
Michael Stealey EC Graduate Student
John Hicks CENS staff
Mike Taggart CENS/JR staff
Yeung Lam CENS staff
Cathy Kong EC Graduate Student
Nithya Ramanathan CS Graduate Student
Eric Yuen CENS staff
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Science Questions
Light
Light
and
and
Temperature
Temperature
Imaging
Imaging
and
and
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
• How does Bracken Fern
maximize its photosynthesis?
• Are the thermal properties of soil
related to its CO2 flux?
• What is the carbon budget of a
drought-tolerant moss?
• What is the variation in timing of
leaf flushes and flowering
events?
Technology Drivers
NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS
Mobile and articulated imagers and
sensors including: temperature,
humidity, energy, CO2, PAR, NIR
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops),
articulated, and fixed imagers, and
image processing and analysis
• How often do transient
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
and
and
Microclimate
Microclimate
atmospheric events occur at
James Reserve?
• How does the soil-atmosphere
interface affect high-altitude
plants?
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable, and fixed
wireless sensors including:
temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR
Photosynthesis: Background
Carbon Gain and Water Loss: the Big Trade-Off
In order for leaves to photosynthesize, they need to open small
pores (stomata) to allow CO2 in the air to enter the leaf and
reach the cells containing chlorophyll.
One problem is that the air spaces in the leaves are saturated
with water vapor and by opening the stomata, water
simultaneously diffuses out of the leaves leading to significant
water loss.
CO in H2O out
2
Bracken Ferns: Observations
Above-ground fronds
(leaves) are connected by
an underground stem
which, for a large area,
may be a single plant.
Evolutionarily, plants are
“designed” to maximize
their carbon gain, but in
natural situations they
tend to be resourcelimited.
Water is probably the
greatest limiter of
photosynthesis during the
warm growing season.
Geoff and Brachen Ferns
Bracken Ferns: Observations
In the extremes of sun or shade,
fronds do not appear.
Fronds in exposed areas (sun-fronds)
are smaller and may be acclimated to
conserve water as a priority.
Fronds occurring in the shade have
more surface areas and may be
acclimated to gain carbon because
light is limiting.
Measuring some physiological
properties and quantifying the light
environment, we should be able to
model the cost-benefit relationships
for areas where Bracken Ferns grow.
Semi-Shady Semi-Sunny
Bracken Ferns: Hypotheses
Bracken ferns will maximize their carbon
gain by opening stomata for CO2 entry, but
also tries to minimize their
water loss by closing pores to
restrict H2O from leaving.
Hypothesis 1:
The opening and closing of stomata with
changes in light and humidity conditions
(sunrise, sunset, sunflecks) will be different
in different fronds of the same plant that are
growing in different areas (sunny or shady).
Thus, carbon uptake will be maximized and
water loss minimized for the plant as a
whole.
Bracken Ferns: Measurements
Induction of photosynthesis at dawn
Sunny
Shady
Bracken Ferns: Measurements
Induction of photosynthesis
gained with sunflecks
shade = 15 mmol m-2 s-1
sun = 300 mmol m-2 s-1
lost with sunflecks
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Science Questions
Light
Light
and
and
Temperature
Temperature
Imaging
Imaging
and
and
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
• How does Bracken Fern
maximize its photosynthesis?
• Are the thermal properties of soil
related to its CO2 flux?
• What is the carbon budget of a
drought-tolerant moss?
• What is the variation in timing of
leaf flushes and flowering
events?
Technology Drivers
NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS
Mobile and articulated imagers and
sensors including: temperature,
humidity, energy, CO2, PAR, NIR
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops),
articulated, and fixed imagers, and
image processing and analysis
• How often do transient
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
and
and
Microclimate
Microclimate
atmospheric events occur at
James Reserve?
• How does the soil-atmosphere
interface affect high-altitude
plants?
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable, and fixed
wireless sensors including:
temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR
Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology
NIMS above the Bracken Ferns
Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology
NIMS Control and Image Browsing Tool
For control of the NIMS
PTZ camera for image
capture simultaneously
with display of historical
images.
Allows sorting, quick
viewing, selection of
historical and live
images by metadata,
and then the application
of simple image tools,
such as histograms or
color transformations.
(Eric Yuen)
Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology
Image from NIMS
Segmented Image
This and next slides stolen from
the Multiscale Sensing Project
worked on by:
Diane Budzik
Amarjeet Singh
Cathy Kong
Binary Segmented Image
Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology
NIMS Multiscale Fusion for Solar
Radiation Mapping using NIMS 3D
• Goal
– Identify proper sparse sensor distributions
that accurately identify each context layer
– Active verification
• Fusion
–
–
–
–
Local area fixed and mobile sensing
Local low and high resolution imaging
Global sensors
Remote sensing
• Exploit adaptive sampling
– High throughput measurements
Bracken Ferns: Modeling
Testing of the Hypothesis
Statistical Description of Radiation
Photosynthesis Response Parameters
Descriptive Model of Where Bracken Ferns Should Grow
Compare to Where Bracken Ferns Actually Grow
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Science Questions
Light
Light
and
and
Temperature
Temperature
Imaging
Imaging
and
and
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
• How does Bracken Fern
maximize its photosynthesis?
• Are the thermal properties of soil
related to its CO2 flux?
• What is the carbon budget of a
drought-tolerant moss?
• What is the variation in timing of
leaf flushes and flowering
events?
Technology Drivers
NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS
Mobile and articulated imagers and
sensors including: temperature,
humidity, energy, CO2, PAR, NIR
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops),
articulated, and fixed imagers, and
image processing and analysis
• How often do transient
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
and
and
Microclimate
Microclimate
atmospheric events occur at
James Reserve?
• How does the soil-atmosphere
interface affect high-altitude
plants?
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable, and fixed
wireless sensors including:
temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR
Moss: Observations
The moss Tortula princeps
undergoes changes in reflected
visible light (turns green and
brown) during natural cycles of
wetting and drying.
dry
moss
The MossCam project
Started in 2003 at the James
Reserve with a networked video
camera taking pictures every 30
seconds of a drought-tolerant moss
on the side of a granite boulder.
Images are saved every 15
minutes.
wet
moss
Moss: Observations
More about the moss:
Drought-tolerant moss cells function for most
of the time at maximum photosynthesis when
external water is present (green moss).
During drying, external water is lost first and
water stress is a relatively brief phase
(minutes to hours) before full desiccation
occurs and net CO2 uptake stops (brown
moss).
The genus Tortula has been extensively
studied because of its cellular protection, and
rapid shut-down and resumption of gene
expression during cycles of drying .
Moss: Hypotheses
Hypotheses:
Laboratory-collected digital images of T.
princeps can be correlated with laboratory
measurements of photosynthesis over the
course of a drying cycle.
This correlation can be applied to the
images collected at the field site and then
related to local micrometeorological
conditions to estimate field photosynthetic
rates.
The ultimate goal of this study was to begin to develop methods for
the application of visible-light, digital cameras for plant ecological
studies.
Moss: Measurements
Laboratory-collected data:
Photosynthesis was measured
during drying and rewetting of the
moss under ideal temperature and
light conditions, while simultaneously
taking digital pictures to measure the
color change.
Photosynthesis was measured over
different light levels while holding
temperature and moisture constant.
Photosynthesis was measured over
different temperatures while holding
light and moisture constant.
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Science Questions
Light
Light
and
and
Temperature
Temperature
Imaging
Imaging
and
and
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
• How does Bracken Fern
maximize its photosynthesis?
• Are the thermal properties of soil
related to its CO2 flux?
• What is the carbon budget of a
drought-tolerant moss?
• What is the variation in timing of
leaf flushes and flowering
events?
Technology Drivers
NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS
Mobile and articulated imagers and
sensors including: temperature,
humidity, energy, CO2, PAR, NIR
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops),
articulated, and fixed imagers, and
image processing and analysis
• How often do transient
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
and
and
Microclimate
Microclimate
atmospheric events occur at
James Reserve?
• How does the soil-atmosphere
interface affect high-altitude
plants?
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable, and fixed
wireless sensors including:
temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR
Moss: Image Analysis
Image Browsing Tool
For quickly identifying
standard color model
differences in images.
Allows sorting, quick
viewing, selection of
images by metadata, and
then the application of
simple image tools, such
as histograms or color
transformations.
(Eric Yuen)
Moss: Image Analysis
Differences in the Red, Green,
and Blue pixel frequencies of the
RGB images were analyzed for
differences between wet, happy
mosses and brown, dormant
mosses in the lab.
Moss: Modeling a Week
Rain = Color Change  Modeled Photosynthesis*
*Under ideal
temperature and light.
Moss: Modeling a Year
Next steps: Use micromet data
(temperature and light) from
the James Reserve
to fit a simple, first-order model
of limitation to photosynthesis in
the field:
Water  Light  Temperature
=
Percentage of Maximal,
Instantaneous Photosynthesis
Indices range from
0 (completely limiting) to
1 (allowing maximum photosynthesis)
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Science Questions
Light
Light
and
and
Temperature
Temperature
Imaging
Imaging
and
and
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
• How does Bracken Fern
maximize its photosynthesis?
• Are the thermal properties of soil
related to its CO2 flux?
• What is the carbon budget of a
drought-tolerant moss?
• What is the variation in timing of
leaf flushes and flowering
events?
Technology Drivers
NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS
Mobile and articulated imagers and
sensors including: temperature,
humidity, energy, CO2, PAR, NIR
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops),
articulated, and fixed imagers, and
image processing and analysis
• How often do transient
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
and
and
Microclimate
Microclimate
atmospheric events occur at
James Reserve?
• How does the soil-atmosphere
interface affect high-altitude
plants?
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable, and fixed
wireless sensors including:
temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR
Cold Air Drainage: Location
The James Reserve
Nevada
California
www.jamesreserve.edu
Cold Air Drainage: Location
Transient Atmospheric Events ≠ Weather
Two days ago…
Cold Air Drainage: Theory
Cold Air Drainage Project
As the air near the top of a
mountain cools through
radiation or contact with
colder surfaces, it
becomes heavier than the
surrounding air and
gradually flows downward.
As cooling continues, the
flow of air increases,
achieving speeds up to 15
mph at the base of the
mountain and a depth of
200 feet or more.
Cold Air Drainage: Theory
Cold Air Drainage Project
As the air near the top of a
mountain cools through
radiation or contact with
colder surfaces, it
becomes heavier than the
surrounding air and
gradually flows downward.
As cooling continues, the
flow of air increases,
achieving speeds up to 15
mph at the base of the
mountain and a depth of
200 feet or more.
Cold Air Drainage: Theory
Cold Air Drainage Project
As the air near the top of a
mountain cools through
radiation or contact with
colder surfaces, it
becomes heavier than the
surrounding air and
gradually flows downward.
As cooling continues, the
flow of air increases,
achieving speeds up to 15
mph at the base of the
mountain and a depth of
200 feet or more.
Cold Air Drainage: Theory
Cold Air Drainage Project
As the air near the top of a
mountain cools through
radiation or contact with
colder surfaces, it
becomes heavier than the
surrounding air and
gradually flows downward.
As cooling continues, the
flow of air increases,
achieving speeds up to 15
mph at the base of the
mountain and a depth of
200 feet or more.
Cold Air Drainage: Observations
Cold Air Drainage: Observations
Mostly Crops
Don’t plant peaches on a slope near a barrier.
Cold air movements
can affect plants (and
animals) that may be
frost- or humiditysensitive, affect the
spread of disease, and
can set microgeographic limits on
plant distribution.
Lots of anecdotal
information is available
on cold air drainage,
usually in agricultural
settings.
Grapes can be damaged in low-lying areas.
Cold Air Drainage: Hypothesis
Not a Basin
Cold air movements are
usually measured where
cold air can pool and is
thus easily measured.
Hypothesis:
We should be able to
measure cold air
drainage in a
complicated terrain like
at the James Reserve
with simple sensors and
a wireless network.
Ecophysiology and CENS Technology
Science Questions
Light
Light
and
and
Temperature
Temperature
Imaging
Imaging
and
and
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy
• How does Bracken Fern
maximize its photosynthesis?
• Are the thermal properties of soil
related to its CO2 flux?
• What is the carbon budget of a
drought-tolerant moss?
• What is the variation in timing of
leaf flushes and flowering
events?
Technology Drivers
NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS
Mobile and articulated imagers and
sensors including: temperature,
humidity, energy, CO2, PAR, NIR
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops),
articulated, and fixed imagers, and
image processing and analysis
• How often do transient
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
and
and
Microclimate
Microclimate
atmospheric events occur at
James Reserve?
• How does the soil-atmosphere
interface affect high-altitude
plants?
NIMS and ESS
Mobile, repositionable, and fixed
wireless sensors including:
temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR
Cold Air Drainage: Technology
Hardware
Tiered wireless, motebased embedded sensor
network for microclimate
measurements.
Centralized microservers.
Software
Real-time
Ethernet
connectivity
through
microservers.
Remote and pre-programmed
automatic operation.
Event-driven data collection.
Internet access to real-time data
and images.
Cold Air Drainage: Technology
ESS Control and Deployment Tool
For aiding in the
deployment and
testing of radios and
sensors in the field.
Additional
functionality includes
real-time systems’
metrics, real-time
data, sending
commands to specific
motes for
troubleshooting.
(Yeung Lam)
Cold Air Drainage: Technology
Current Time Series Data Browsing Tool - DAS
For identifying
sensors, and times
when transient
atmospheric events
occur.
Additional
functionality includes
systems’ metrics, a
graphical display of
connectivity
parameters, and
access to the MySQL
database.
(Kevin Chang)
Cold Air Drainage: Technology
Archived Time Series Data Browsing Tool
For identifying
sensors, and times
when transient
atmospheric events
occur.
Functionality
includes
de/selecting data
sets, color choice,
and manipulation of
time domain in
which to view data.
(Victor Chen)
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
Two days of temperature from 4
stations, including the fixed
Trailfinder Tower station as a
reference (lots of continuous data)
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
Cold air drainage event
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
Temperature from the same 4 stations
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
Weaker cold air drainage events
Temperature from the same 4 stations
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
Warm air flowing
on top of cold air?
Temperature from the same 4 stations
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
Warm air flowing
on top of cold air?
No cold air
drainage…
Temperature from the same 4 stations
Cold Air Drainage: Measurements
What the heck?
Midnight
Cold Air Drainage: Modeling
This is More Complicated than We Thought…
How frequent and what are the
magnitudes of Cold Air Drainage
events?
What kinds of other transient
variations can we quantify and under
what conditions do they occur?
What kinds of impacts do these
variations have on the local
distribution of plant and animal
species?
More deployments, more measurements!