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REPRODUCING PLANTS
CHAPTER 8
AGRISCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office
July, 2002
TYPES OF PLANT
REPRODUCTION
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Involves
using seed to propagate plants. Flowers
are important because they contain the
reproductive organs.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Involves
reproducing plants by using vegetative
parts of the plant. Results in clones
(genetically like their parents).
KINDS OF SEED
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MONOCOT - Plants having seed with one
seed leaf, known as a cotyledon.
Examples are corn, wheat, rice and all
grasses.
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DICOT - Plants that have seed with two
cotyledon. Examples are tomatoes,
beans, petunias and carnations.
PARTS OF A BEAN SEED
EXTERNAL
 Seed coat - Outer covering of the
seed
 Hilum - Where the seed was
attached in the pod.
 Micropyle - Tiny opening near the
seed scar where the pollen entered
the ovule to form the seed.
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PARTS OF A BEAN SEED
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INTERNAL:
Cotyledons - Bean seed has two;
contain food for the embro.
Radicle - Becomes the root system of
the plant.
Hypocotyl - Connects the radicle and the
cotyledons.
Epicotyl - Forms the stem of the plant.
Plumule - Develops the above-ground
part of the plant (embryonic leaves).
PARTS OF A MONOCOT
SEED: CORN
EXTERNAL:
 Seed coat - Protects the embryo.
 Seed scar - Where the corn grain
was attached to the cob.
 Silk scar - Opposite side of the
grain from the seed scar.
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PARTS OF A MONOCOT
SEED : CORN
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INTERNAL :
Endosperm - Where the food is stored
for the embyo.
Radicle - Becomes the root system.
Hypocotyl - Connects the radicle with
the food source.
Epicotyl - Forms the stem.
Cotyledon - Does not store food; absorbs
food from the endosperm.
Plumule - Develops into leaves.
PARTS OF A COMPLETE
FLOWER
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Sepals - Outer part of the flower; covers
the bud and protects it as it develops.
Petals - Located just inside the sepals;
attract insects which help with the
fertilization process.
Stamens - Male part of the flower;
contains an anther that produces pollen,
or sperm.
Pistil - Female part of the flower;
contains the stigma
FLOWERS
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PERFECT FLOWERS - Contain the
stamen and pistil in the same flower.
IMPERFECT FLOWERS - Flowers that
lack either the stamen or pistil.
Exception: Monoecious plants may have
both male and female imperfect flowers
on them. Corn is an example.
POLLINATION
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Transfer of pollen from an anther to a
stigma of a flower of the same species.
Pollen may be moved by wind, insects,
birds and other natural means.
Cross-pollination - When two different
plants are involved.
Self-pollination - Involves flowers on the
same plant.
TYPES OF FRUIT
FLESHY FRUIT - Have large fibrous
structures surrounding the seed;
apples, pears, blackberries, oranges
and grapes are examples.
 DRY FRUIT - Fruit develops as a pod
or in a hull; beans, peas, peanuts
and cotton are examples of dry fruit.
Pecans, acorns, corn, oats, wheat,
elm trees are examples of hulls.
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GERMINATION TESTING
When a number of seeds sprout out
of a set amount is called a
germination test.
 Helps in determining the number of
seeds to plant.
 Soil is the most widely growing
medium; however greenhouses
usually use “artificial” media.
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CONDITIONS FOR SEED
GERMINATION
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MUST HAVE THE FOLLOWING:
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MOISTURE
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TEMPERATURE
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OXYGEN
BENEFITS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
True traits of parents - Assures that
the new plant is identical to its
parents.
 No seed - Some plants do not
produce seed: an example is
seedless grapes.
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EXAMPLES OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION USING
BELOW GROUND PARTS
Potatoes are cut into sections with
buds (eyes) and planted.
 Bulbs or corms are planted; multiply
and new bulbs are pulled apart and
planted separately.
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METHODS OF ABOVE
GROUND PROPAGATION
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LAYERING - Involves getting roots to
grow from the stems of plants
CUTTING - Involves using a short section
of plant stem for propagation.
BUDDING - Involves taking a bud from
one plant and moving it to another.
GRAFTING - Involves placing a section
of the stem of one plant onto another
plant.
QUALITIES OF GOOD SEED
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Purity - Contains only seed intended.
Contamination - Free of trash
Percent germination - Should be 90-100
%
Uniformity - Same size and shape
Damage - Seed coats should not be
cracked
Free of disease - Healthy
Treatment - Treated to prevent disease
Reputation of grower and dealer