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LEC
12
Conifers
(Coniferphyta)
FIELD BOTANY – Lecture 12
Dr. Donald P. Althoff
Ferns &
Club mosses GYMNOSPERMS
Angiosperms
Seed-bearing
Vascular tissue
GYMNOSPERMS divisions
Coniferphyta
______
widely
distributed
Cycads
Ginkgophyta
tropics
& subtropics
ancient
1 sp.
Gnetophyta
“close”
to angiosperms
Cycads = Cycadophyta
• Only one species native to
North America: Zamia
pumila
• Dioecious  pollen (male) &
seed cones (female) are
separate plants  pollinated
by _________, not wind
• 10 genera, 140 species
(not including palm trees which
are angiosperms: monocots
[Liliopsida])
Gingkoes = Ginkgophyta
• Only one species present
today: Ginkgo biloba
(maidenhair tree)
• Dioecious  male &
female (stink) trees
• None native to North
America
• 1 genera, 1 species
Gnetophytes = Gnetophyta
• 12 species in North
America: Ephedra
• More closely related to
angiosperms than any
other gymnosperm
• 3 genera, 70 species
worldwide
Nevada Jointfir
(Ephedra nevadensis)
• No “apparent”
leaves…leaves are
scale-like
• Photosynthesis takes
place in the _______
• ________—but
produce small cones
Flowering
gnetophyte
Welwitschia mirabilis [African desert GYMNOSPERM]
Distinguishing characteristics of
CONIFERS
• “naked seeds”…borne on surface
of cone scales or on stalks
among leaves
• All species are ________
vs. Angiosperms with a
mix of woody & herbaceous)
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Plantae
Coniferphyta
Pinopsida
Pinales
Families
Pinaceae
1
pines, firs,
& spruces
Cupressaceae
2
cedars,
cypress,
junipers
Taxaceae
3
yews
Family TAXACEAE
• All “evergreen”
• Monoecious and dioecious
• Leaves spirally arranged
• Pollen dispersal by ______
• 3 genera, 7-10 species
Family CUPRESSACEAE
• All “evergreen”
• Some monoecious, some
dioecious
• Leaves arranged spirally or in
pairs (alternating at 900 angles
or whorls)
• Pollen dispersal by wind
• 18 genera, 140 species
Family PINACEAE
• _______________________
• Usually in temperate climates
•
•
•
•
•
•
All “evergreen” except Larix & Pseudolarix
Monoecious
Needle-like leaves
Female cones ________ than male cones
Pollen dispersal by ______
11 genera, 220-250 species
Family PINACEAE: Vegetative Morphology
Know
for
final
long shoot
needle leaf
Family PINACEAE: Spur Shoot & Fascicle
needle leaf
sheath
_______
scale leaf
________________________
Pines
Male & Female Gametophyte Systems
Thus, monecious—even on same branch
________________
FEMALE CONE - OVULATE
3 yr
2 yr
1 yr
 ________________
MALE CONE – STAMINATE…pollen source
REGIONAL CONIFERS
Classification
(partial listing)
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
C
C
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Norway spruce (Picea abies)
Colorado (blue) spruce (Picea pungens)
White spruce (Picea glauca)
Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana)
White pine (Pinus strobus)
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)
Red pine (Pinus resinosa)
Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga)
Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris)
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)*
Eastern hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis)
Eastern larch (Tamarack) (Larix laricina)
Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)
Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana)
Eastern arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis)
Division
Class
Order
Family
Coniferophya
Pinopsida
Pinales
Pinaceae “Pine” P
Cupressaceae – “Cypress” C
Needles per fascicle
3
1
E. Hemlock
& spruces
5
2
White pine
Virginia pine
Pitch pine
Know for final
TYPICAL NEEDLES
PER FASCICLE (length)
Regional Pines (partial listing)
2 (<3 in.)
Virginia (scrub) pine (Pinus virginiana)
5 (3-5 in.)
White pine (Pinus strobus)
2 (3-8 in.)
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)
2 (3-8 in.)
Red pine (Pinus resinosa)
3 (3-5 in.)
Pitch pine (Pinus ridiga)
2 (<3 in.)
Scotch (Scots) pine (Pinus sylvestris)
2 (3/4-3 in.)
Jack pine (Pinus banksiana)
Pterophyta
Ferns &
Club mosses
Lycopodiophyta
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Seed-bearing
Vascular tissue
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Know for
Plantae
Lycopodiophyta
Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiales
final
1
Family
Lycopodiaceae – “the club mosses”
Ground Pine
Lycopodium dendroideum
Ground Pine may indicate
• Cool ______________ climates
• Fresh & moist soils
• _______________ soils
• Compacted soils
• Also….
• Mid-seral stage species (10-30 yr old
stands)