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Classification Go to Section: The Classification Game!! Divide into groups of 3 or 4 In the following few slides, you will find 14 different organisms, each of them labeled with a letter. In your groups, write down two main classification (example red/green). Then place the corresponding letters under the correct classification. B E A D C F G K L J I H M N One Possible Solution Animals Plants C D A G I J M ???? B K E N F L H Did You Have Problems?? There were actually several different ways to go about classifying these 14 organisms. You might have done color, shape, size, number of legs… the possibilities are endless. You might have encountered one or two that really did not fit into either of your two classifications, what should you do when this happens? Make a new classification of course! And this is what scientist have done as well through the years. The Challenge • Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far. • They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified. Finding Order in Diversity • 1. Why Classify? – To study the diversity of life – To organize and name organisms • Ex: supermarket • 2. Why give scientific names? – Common names are misleading jellyfish Go to Section: silverfish None of these animals are fish! star fish Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms Some organisms have several common names This cat is commonly known as: •Florida panther •Mountain lion •Puma •Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Go to Section: Origin of Scientific Names • By the 18th century, scientists realized that naming organisms with common names was confusing. • Scientists during this time agreed to use a single name for each species. • They used Latin and Greek languages for scientific names. Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a. Two name naming system b. Gave organisms 2 names Genus (noun) and species (adjective) Rules for naming organisms 1. Written is Latin (unchanging) 2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase 3. Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy Least specific Kingdom 1. Phylum Class 2. a. Family c. Class b. Species d. Order Order Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same: Family a. Family c. Order b. Genus d. Species Genus Most specific Species Go to Section: Which of the following contains all of the others? Binomial Nomenclature Example • For example, the polar bear is named Ursus maritimus. • The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. • In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea. Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups, much like addresses are organized into smaller categories. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Country State County Town Neighborhood Street House Number SPECIES Modern Classification • Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visible similarities. • Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms. Modern Classification • Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent. • Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus. Genus: Felis Genus: Canis Similarities in DNA and RNA • Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships. • They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms. Kingdoms and Domains • In the 18th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. • By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms. The Five Kingdom System Monera bacteria Protista Amoeba, slime mold Fungi Plantae Animalia mushrooms, yeasts, molds flowering plants, mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants mammals, birds, insects, fishes, worms, sponges The Six Kingdom System • In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups. • As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a sixkingdom system of classification. The Three-Domain System • Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently. • This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain. The Three Domains • The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following: • Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals • Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. • Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria. Classification of Living Things The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Eubacteria ArchaeProtista Plantae Fungi bacteria Animalia Hierarchical Ordering of Classification Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Coral Sea star Abert squirrel snake KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are removed. Each level is more specific. Go to Section: ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos Cladogram • An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be related • Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or clade, stay the same. Other traits change. Derived Characters • Derived characters are traits that are shared by some species but not by others • The more closely related species are, the more derived characters they will share • Derived characters are shown as hash marks Nodes • Each place where a branch splits is called a node. • Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor shared by a clade. What do the house cat and the turtle have in common? What does the leopard have in common with the wolf? What organisms are most closely related? A tool used to determine the identity of an organism 1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2 b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3 2. a. Body is round shape……Lady bug b. Body is elongated…… Grasshopper 3. Housefly a. Wings point toward the back……… b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4 4. a. Wings are large and broad……. Butterfly b. Wings are long and thin…... Dragonfly EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter 1. a. Needle leaves b. Non-needle leaves go to 2 go to 3 2. a. Needles are clustered b. Needles are in singlets Pine Spruce 3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf) b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”) go to 4 go to 7 4. a. Smooth edged b. Jagged edge go to 5 go to 6 5. a. Leaf edge is smooth b. Leaf edge is lobed Magnolia White Oak 6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like b. Leaf edge is large and thorny Elm Holly _____________ ____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ 7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut _____________ _____________ Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type Prokaryote Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs Examples Methanogens Thermophiles Go to Section: Kingdom Eubacteria Cell Type Number of Cells Nutrition Examples Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph or Heterotroph E. coli Streptococcus, Escherichia coli (E. coli) Streptococcus Go to Section: Kingdom Protista Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Paramecium Green algae The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom Go to Section: Amoeba Kingdom Fungi Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar Heterotroph Nutrition Example Mildew on Leaf Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS Mushroom Go to Section: Kingdom Plantae Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Nutrition Autotroph Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants Mosses growing on trees Go to Section: Ferns : seedless vascular Douglas fir: seeds in cones Sunflowers: seeds in flowers Kingdom Animalia Cell Type Eukaryote Number of Cells Multicellular Nutrition Examples Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals Bumble bee Sage grouse Jellyfish Hydra Poison dart frog Sponge Go to Section: