Download tomato weed

WEED FLORA AND WEED
DISTRIBUTION IN TOMATO
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Tomato is the world’s largest vegetable crop and known as
protective food both because of its special nutritive value and
also because of its wide spread production.
Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops cultivated
for its fleshy fruits. Tomato is considered as important
commercial and dietary vegetable crop.
Botanical name of tomato is Lycopersicon esculemtun and
belongs to family Lycopersicae.
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As it is short duration crop and gives high yield, it is important
from economic point of view and hence area under its cultivation
is increasing day by day.
predominent weed flora in tomato are grasses like Chloris
barbata, Cynodon dactylon,Dactyloctenium aegyptium,
Echinochloa colona, Panicum repens, Cyperus rotundus,
Amaranthus viridis, F. australasica, Parthenium hysterophorus
Trianthema protulacastrum., Cleome gynandra.
Grassy weed dominant which account for about 60 per cent
followed by broad leaved weeds and sedges.
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Chloris barbata (Syn:Chloris inflate)
Chloris barbata belongs to the family Poaceae
and also called as Mayil kondai pul.
It is a tufed. A tufted perennial, commonly
found as a weed in dry cultivated fields.
Culms upto 60 cm high. Leaves of 7.5 to 12.5 cm
long. Inflorescence with 6 to 15 digitately arranged
spikes, spikelets are usually purplish in colour. Fruit
is caryopsis. Propagation by seeds.
It is a good fodder grass.
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Cynodon dactylon Pers.
In black soils and in dryland is a noxious weed and
once a field is infested with it, cultivation becomes
impossible.
It is considered as one of the ten worst weeds in the
world and problematic in all tropical and
subtropical areas in dry land and garden lands.
It belongs to the family Graminae (Poaceae) and
common name is Bahama Grass, Hariyali. In tamil
it is called as Arugampullu
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A perennial grass extensively creeping by means of scaly rhizomes or
by strong flat stolons, very common in plains and hills slender and
grows upto 7.5 to 30 cm height.
The underground stems are hard, brittle, thick, pale white in colour
and covered with short scale-leaves and occur at varying depth in
soil. Leaves are linear, finely acute, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long, spikes 3 to
6.
Spikelets are light green or purplish, sessile, laterally compressed,
alternately 2-seriate, imbricate and 1-flowered. Grain is minute,
oblong somewhat flattened, rounded on black.
Propagated by through seeds and underground stolons.
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Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv .
is buffalo grass in the family Poaceae.
It is also called as Kakkakalpal in Tamil. It
is an annual, grass growing in waste places
and dry cultivated lands. Stem is Culms
10-62.5 cm high.
Leaves flat, 5 to 20 cm long, glabrous.
Fruit is Caryopsis. Propagation by seeds.
Cattle graze this readily.
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Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.
It is annual grass grows commonly in waterlogged
conditions belonging to the family Gramineae.
It is also called as jungle rice and in tamil it is called as
varnampul. It grows up to a height of 60 cm. Leaf-blade
7.5 to 15 cm long, often blotched with purple or almost
black cross bands ligule 0,2-5(9) cm. Inflorescence linear.
Spiklelets ovoid-ellipsoid, to 2mm with fruit caryopsis.
It is propagated by means of seeds. It is an excellent
fodder.
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Panicum repens L.
Panicum repens commonly called as Ginger Grass and Inji pillu in tamil. It
is a perennial grass, survive well under moist condition.
Stem is Culms creeping at the base, rhizomatous, 60 to 150 cm long.
Underground stems are thick and hard, very much resembling ginger. Aerial
branches are covered with pointed scale leaves at the base. Inflorescence is
much branched terminal panicle 3-5 inches long. Spikelets is ovoid and
pointed on a short stalk and has four glumes.
Fruit is grain, it is slightly enclosed by the four glume and another structure
opposite to it called palea. Propagation by underground stems and grains. It
is much relished by cattle
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Cyperus rotundus L
Family is Cyperaceae and common name is Nut Grass, Nutsedge. In
tamil it is called as Korai kizhangu. Stoloniferous, stolons not
bulbiferous, stems trigonous, up to 1 m high, and tubers not zoned.
Stem sparsely tufted. Leaves shorter or longer than stem, narrow,
numerous, bracts usually 3 and up to 60 cm long.
spikelets spreading, linear to lanceolate, up to 2.5 cm long; glumes
imbricate, plicate, pale-brown or chestnut-brown, sometimes with a
reddish tinge; nut trigonous, broadly obovoid, grayish-black.
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• Tubers connected by rhizomes go deep into soil even up to 90 cm and
spread out widely.
• Tubers have a very high capacity for survival under adverse
conditions. Fruit is a broadly obovoid, trigonous, seed-like nut,
grayish black in colour. Propagation by Seeds and nutlets. A very
troublesome perennial weed, occurring in dry cultivated lands, gardens
and in semi irrigated land. It is an obnoxious weed with a very high
propagation potential.
• This is one of the worlds top ten worst weeds.
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Amaranthus viridis Linn.
It is a broad leaved weed and it belongs
to the family Amaranthaceae.
In tamil it is called as Kuppai keerai.
The plant is perennial with long
prostrate or ascending branches and a
woody main stem growing to a height
of 30-60cm. Stem is striate, round and
softly woolly tomatoes.
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Leaves are simple, alternate,
shortly stalked, sub-orbicular or
ob-ovate with an obtuse tip.
The base is tapering.
The upper surface of the leaf is
pubescent, while the lower one is
densely hairy.
Flowers are very small, sessile,
greenish white, in dense axillary
short spikes, which are solitary or The leaves on the side branches
clusterd.
are much reduced.
Perianth consists of 5 free oblong
sepals, wooly on the back.
Seed is lenticular, smooth and
shining black.
Propagation is mainly by seeds.
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Flaveria trinervia (Sprengel) C. MohrSyn. F. australasica Hook
It is broad leaved weed and it belongs to the family
Asteraceae.
Erect rigid perfectly glabrous annual herb
with numerous forked branches and dense
clusters of yellow flowers.
Stem is round and striate, pale green or
slightly tinged with purple.
Leaves are simple, opposite, ex-stipulate and
clasping stem.
The leaves at the base of the plant have short
stalks while those above are sessile. Blade is
1.5 to 5 cm long.
The cluster of yellow flowers in
the forks of branches consist of
numerous small heads containing
either 1-4 tubular bisexual florets
with five-toothed corollas or one
female flower with a yellow short
ray.
The achenes are very small and
 The involucre has 2-5 folded
bracts and a few linear ones.
 Propagation is mainly by
seed like achenes.
black with ten distinct ribs and
without any pappus.
 It is frequently found in loamy
soil.
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Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Parthenium hysterophorus L. is the
generally found in non-cropped
situation but now a days a weed of
cropped field.
It belongs to the family
Compositeae and commonly called
as congress weed and visha poondu
in Tamil.
It is a annual herb grows
upto a height of 1.5 m.
Stem is slunder with hairs, leaves
are alternate and sessile flower is
white in colour with heads many.
Propagated through seeds.
Fruit is called as achene.
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Trianthema protulacastrum.L.
Trianthema
protulacastrum.L.
is
annual
Fruit is capsule.
prostrate herb belongs to the family Aizoceae.
In tamil it is called as Saranai.
Propagation by means of seeds
and cuttings.
Stem is round, striate, glabrous
below and hairy.
It grows gregariously grows
causing considerable hindrance
Leaves are oppositve, petioled, petiole
to normal cultivation.
sheathing at the base, obovate, in unequal
pairs.
Flowers is solitary and sessile.
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Cleome gynandra L.
Its looks like tall, pubescent annual

It is broad leaved weed and it
herb.
belongs
to
the
family
Capparidaceae.
Striate covered with hairs.
Common name is Caravelle seed
in tamil it is called as Nalla Velai.
 Leaves 5 foliate, long petioled,
leaflets broad – obvoate, acute or
obtuse, entire or serrulate.
 Flowers pale purplish in corymbs,
hypogynous, bisexual, bracteate,
bracteolate; sepals 4, free; petals 4,
clawed; Capsule cylinderical, nearly
glabrous striate,Propagation is
mainly by Seeds.
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References
 Gupta, O.P. 1998. Weed management - Principles and Practices. Agro Botanical
Publishers, Bikaner.
 Rao, V.S.1994. Principles of Weed Science. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
 Subramanian, S., A.Mohamed Ali and R.Jayakumar. 1997. All about weed control.
Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
 C. Chinnusamy, N.K. Prabhakaran P. Janaki K. Govindarajan. 2009. Compendium on
Weed Science Research in Tamil Nadu (25 years). AICPR-WC, Department of
Agronomy, TNAU, Coimbatore - 641 003
 K. A.A. Kabeer and V.J. Nair. 2009. Flora of Tamil Nadu- Grasses. Botanical Survey
of India, Kolkatta.
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Assessment
• 1. ----------- good fodder crops.
Ans: Chloris barbata
• 2. ------------- is a noxious weed.
Ans: Cynodon dactylon
• 3. Dactyloctenium aegyptium propagated by
A . Rhizome b. seeds c. stolon
• 4. ------------ is the worlds top ten worst weed.
Ans : Cyperus rotundus L
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