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Part 2 Gymnosperms The most ancient surviving seed plants are the gymnosperms (“naked seeds”). These include cycads, gnetophytes, ginkgoes and conifers, which are the most common of the cone-bearing plants. Gymnosperms Conifers thrive in a wide variety of habitats and have leaves that are long and thin (like pine needles) with thick, waxy coverings because they have adapted to dry conditions in order to conserve water. Angiosperms Flowering plants originated on land about 135 million years ago & soon dominated plant life. Angiosperms (“enclosed seed”) developed unique reproductive organs known as flowers, which are an evolutionary advantage because they attract pollinators like bees, butterflies and birds, which in turn get food and then transport the pollen to other flowers. Angiosperms Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds & give angiosperms their name. After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in dispersal when animals eat the fruit & then excrete the seeds far away from the plants’ original location. How Angiosperms are Classified: Monocots v. Dicots Monocots and dicots are types of angiosperms that are named for the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in their plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, while dicots have two. (mono = 1, di = 2) Characteristics of Monocots Seeds Single cotyledon Leaves Parallel veins Flowers Floral parts in multiples of 3 Stems Vascular bundles scattered throughout Fibrous root system Roots Characteristics of Dicots Seeds Two cotyledons Leaves Branched (netted) veins Flowers Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot system Stems Roots Monocots v. Dicots MONOCOTS: Parallel venation DICOTS: Netted venation Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? 5 Venation? Netted Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? 6 Venation? Parallel Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? N/A Venation? Parallel Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? 5 Venation? Netted Woody v. Herbaceous Plants Woody plants are made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body and include trees, shrubs and vines. Ex. Roses & grapes Woody v. Herbaceous Plants Plant stems that are smooth and nonwoody are characterized as herbaceous plants, which don’t produce wood as they grow. Ex. Sunflowers Three Types of Plants If you’ve ever planted a garden, you know that many flowering plants grow, flower and die in a single year. Other types of plants continue to grow from year to year. There are 3 categories of plant life spans: Annuals Biennials Perennials Annuals Complete their life cycle in 1 growing season Biennials Complete their life cycle in 2 growing seasons Perennials Live from one growing season to another, usually for many years. Ex. Trees & grass